诺曼征服对英国的社会影响的全文

Norman Conquest and Its Social Significance to England

Abstract: Norman Conquest was an invasion carried out by William, the Duke of Normandy. After accomplishing military conquering, William became the king of England, called William I. William I built up the Royal prerogative ruling in England. He depended mainly on the French nobles to carry out his ruling, confiscated the land of resisting Anglo-Saxon noblemen and subinfeudated the French feudal lords who followed him. The important feudal lords subinfeudated themselves land again to their own followers. Subinfeudation of land helped build up feudalism in newly conquered England. In order to consolidate his rule, William I also tried to keep English churches under his control. Norman Conquest accelerated the feudalization in England. Norman Conquest had a great social significance to England. This paper is to study this historical event mainly in three respects, its background, and its process together with its social significance.
Key Words: Norman Conquest; England; social significance

诺曼征服对英国的社会影响
摘  要：诺曼征服指以诺曼底公爵威廉（约1028～1087）为首的法国封建主对英国的征服。在完成军事征服之后，威廉加冕为英国国王，称威廉一世。威廉一世在英国建立起王权统治。他主要依靠法国贵族进行统治，没收反抗的盎格鲁萨克逊贵族土地，分封给随他而来的法国封建主。大封建主又把自己土地的一部分再分封给下级。通过这种土地分封建立起封建土地的等级所有制。威廉一世还试图将英国的教会控制在自己手中。诺曼征服加速了英国封建化的进程。诺曼征服对于英国社会有着深远的影响。本文主要通过三方面对诺曼征服这一历史事件进行研究, 即从它的背景，过程以及影响来加以阐明。通过这三方面的研究，期望进一步系统了解有关诺曼征服的相关史实，以及它给英国社会所带来的影响。

关键词： 诺曼征服；英国；社会影响

CONTENTS
Introduction 1
1. Background of Norman Conquest 1
1.1 The Normans before Norman Conquest…………………..……….……………1
1.2 William (Duke of Normandy)………………………..………………………….1         
1.3 England before Norman Conquest………………………………………………..…...2
1.4 Harold (King of England)………………………………………………..…...…2
2. Process of Norman Conquest………………………………………...3
2.1 Eve of the War.......................................................................................................3
2.2 Hastings War during the Norman Conquest………………………….…….……4
2.3 Postwar Situation of England…………………………………………………....5
3. Social Significance to England……………………………………….6
  3.1 Introduction of Feudalism  ………………………………………………………6
3.2 Significance to English Churches…………………...…………………………...6    
3.3 Significance to English Tax and Land Reform…………………………………..7     
3.4 Significance to English Law…………………………………………..…............8
         3.4.1 Reform of the English Laws …………………………..……………..9
         3.4.2 Beginning of Common Law………………………………………...10
3.4.3 Significance to English Law Language……………………………..11
3.5 The Influence of French………………………………………………………...12
Conclusion………………………………………………………………13
Bibliography…………………& hellip;……………………………………….15

 
Introduction 
The year 1066 was a turning point in English history. In the year, William, the Duke of Normandy, invaded and occupied England and made great changes in society and became one of the outstanding figures in western European history. This matter was called Norman Conquest. After William conquered England in 1066, he acceded to the throne becoming the king of England; he held concurrent post of the Normandy duke at the same time. The dynasty that he built is called the Norman dynasty.  William confiscated Englander's land, has subinfeuded the noblemen and persons having rendered outstanding service to Norman, feudalism system was introduced into United Kingdom. Norman Conquest had a great social significance to England. This paper is to study this historical event mainly in three respects, its background, its process and its social significance.

1. Background of Norman Conquest
1.1 The Normans before Norman Conquest
While the Danes were swooping down upon England, Northman from the Scandinavia Peninsula was ravaging the northern coast of France. Gradually, these sea rovers and pirates became so strong that they sailed up the Seine River and captured the City of Paris in 845. They plundered and laid waste the country in exactly the same way that the Danes did in England. Finally, the French king was forced to make a bargain with them very much like what Alfred had made with the Danes a few years before. He gave the North leader a large tract of land in the northern part of France on condition that the Northman promises to aid him in war and to accept the Christian religion. The Northman accepted the condition and settled down in their rich and pleasant country which then became very prosperous. They soon lay aside their barbarous way and adopted the French language and custom. Their country took on the name Normandy and they themselves came to be called the Normans.
1.2 William (Duke of Normandy)
The year 1066 was a turning point in English history. In the year, William, the Duke of Normandy, invaded and occupied England and made great changes in society and became one of the outstanding figures in Western European history. Born in France, William was the illegitimate son of Robert I, duke of Normandy, and Arletta, a tanner’s daughter, and was therefore sometimes called William the Bastard. When his father died, the Norman nobles kept their promise to Robert, accepted William as the new duke. Rebellion against the young duke broke out almost immediately, but with the help of Henry I, king of France, he defeated the rebels.  
1.3 England before Norman Conquest
On the eve of Norman Conquest, the king of England was Edward. From childhood, Edward grew in the abbey, sincerely believed in religion, and was called “Edward the Confessor His mother was the Normandy Emma; she was a daughter of Normandy duke. After Danes entered and made a living in England, Edward and his whole family changed residence in Normandy. In 1066, A.D., Edward passed away, did not have a male offspring. On his death-bed Edward chose Harold, Earl of Wessex , to be king in his place. Harold was Godwin’s son, brother of Edward’s wife.” Like Canute, he did not belong to the royal family of England .But he was a Saxon lord. The nobles approved of Edward’ choice and Harold was crowned. He was the final Anglo-Saxon king of England. Since Edward once assigned Normandy duke William to succeed to the throne, therefore while William got to know the information, he presented a memorial to Holy Father immediately, the military officer got over the sea and was determined to strive for a throne with armed might.
1.4 Harold (King of England)
Edward died in 1066. Upon his deathbed he recommended as his successor a great warrior named Harold who was not from the royal family, he was accepted as king only upon Edward’s recommendation. And this gave rise to dispute over his claim to the crown. William, Duke of Normandy, was Edward’s cousin. He claimed that Edward had promised the crown to him before his death. William also claimed that Harold had promised to help him to become the king of England. What he said might be true. He became very angry when he heard that Harold had snapped the crown from him. Harold knew that William would come to measure swords with him .He was prepared to fight, placing an army on the southern coast of England to watch for William’s coming. Several months passed by and William failed to appear. He was abiding his time. When the harvest time in England came, many of Harold’s soldiers went back to their homes to gather in the crops. The coast was thus left undefended. William seized the chance and landed his army in Southeastern England without opposition in September 1066. Harold, who was fighting in the north, hurried back with his men. The two armies met near Hastings in Southeastern England. The Normans, armed with bows and arrows, defeated the Anglo-Saxons who fought with battleaxes. Harold was killed.
2. Process of Norman Conquest
2.1 Eve of the War
William, Duke of Normandy, claimed that Edward had promised him the throne. Duke of Normandy was the highest rulers of the Normans. The Normans were Vikings who had settled down and adopted the French language and religion. A duke was the highest rank of noble below the king, and the Norman dukes were supposed to be loyal to the kings of France, but in fact they were completely independent. Probably in 1064, Harold’s ship was destroyed in an accident off the coast of Normandy and he was taken prisoner by William. He was released after he had sworn to be loyal to William and supported William’ claim to the English throne. Now William was very angry to hear the news that Harold had broken his promise and became king of England. Soon after Harold became king, William invaded England. He and his men landed on the English coast near Hastings in September 1066. Among the 6000 Normans, some were soldiers fighting on foot, armed with bows and arrows, the others were heavily armed cavalry, troops who fought on horseback. The English army under Harold was about 7000 soldiers on foot, armed with spears, swords and huge battleaxes.  
2.2 Hastings War during the Norman Conquest
The armies began to fight on October 14, 1066, in the Battle of Hastings. The English took up a position on a hill outside of Hastings.” The Normans first sent showers of arrows among the English troops, and then the horsemen charged them fiercely. But the English stood firm most of the day. Then William used a trick to get some of the English down of the hill to a place where they could be easier to defeat. He had his horsemen pretend to run away. When the English left the hill to run after them, the horsemen turned and attacked. Harold and the best of his men fought on the hill until evening, when all of them were killed. On Christmas Day, William, who became known as William the Conqueror, was crowned king of England.
2.3 Postwar Situation of England
In 1066, Edward king passed away, the new king Harold was killed in battle, Norman duke William entered and hosted London, then became the king in this year. It had been left very much memory by United Kingdom for this year, became a threshold that anyone studying United Kingdom is unable to go round.
By the same token, to law historian, for this year it is also especially important. As Maitland said exactly in his book the History of English Law before the Time of Edward: “Norman Conquest decided United Kingdom law history future, we have had no way to imagine, suppose Harold has beaten an invader, United Kingdom law history meeting be how?”
Although there are a lot of disputes about Norman Conquest, but this event had affected the future of United Kingdom beyond doubt. No matter whether eulogizing disregarding or cursing, people all have no way to change history. Therefore, people should stop arguing endlessly on this one problem and had better readjust themselves to a certain extent with energy, pay more attention on the effect to United Kingdom brought by this event, and analyzed this event going ahead to the far-reaching influence over United Kingdom. While Conqueror William beat the Harold, captured Canterbury immediately in Heisting battle, the spearhead pointed to London on and on.  Since the Harold soldier was defeated, London’s person of virtue convention decided to accept William then for United Kingdom king, William also promised to request of London resident, keeping the old habit and right which the Anglo-Saxons had.
Probably, William I had no intention to change England originally right away, perhaps the cause was short of men and he was forced to promise at that time. When William I beating armed rebellion everywhere in 1070, he had strength to change that time's status completely, people may know from some data, people have no way to perceive him depending on this aspect's efforts. Probably, William I posed himself as the successor who repents the very person Edward, if the laws were not changed, the Edward’s state could be governed in legitimacy. However, another aspect increasingly troubled the conqueror by a big portion. Norman duchy legal system that time had also been brought about difficulty- - not having statute law by such method of work, could not transplant laws conveniently, their maintaining of order was dependent on feudal system, local habits and Norman duke's strength. After William I conquered United Kingdom, the pattern taken to England with Norman governing, although he did not want to change England. But, all be heterogametic, after all, he was only able to use the way that himself knew well to administer a country. This management pattern, the forceful finesse because of Willia m I, became being more effective than the former one.
Main centralization behavior was the building-up of Curia Regis together with other central organization in order to resist former enemy the Witan in Anglo-Saxons times. Curia Regis was a kind of the feudalist organization--- because attendee did duty to the king, not offer service to the country. The attendance who attended the Curia Regis was king's attendants and a few local personages. Curia Regis having two kinds of conventions in the forms of big and small, big convention required that entire ruler's subject--- meant the group of 180 people whom the king invested with the rank directly --- showed up (often only partly showing up); But small convention held then during the period of intermittence of important convention, whose member was some trusted follower of king. Curia Regis though being one nominally consultative organization, but, it all shouldered duty of having supervision to guide all governmental affairs, government's authority did not subdivide at that time. That one was founded because the king thought that building-up finance was important in Norman central organization. Former king's finance and country's finance did not have differences, all expenses disburse and all income returns to chamber, also from this.
The powerful military and effective finance were supplied, basis being that William I reinforced central authority. The military was dependent on feudal system, William put the standing army off on one hand for being maintaining, required that his ruler's subject must provide the certain military power. After William entered and hosted England, he confiscated the lands owned by the former United Kingdom feudal lord who died in battle in Heisting, the lands added to England royal court, the royal owned large amount of land thereby. These lands, William left one major part for himself, the rest of the lands were subinfeudated directly to his subordinates whose duty was to provide certain numbers of knights, approximately 4000 knights countrywide at that time.
3. Social Significance to England
3.1 Introduction of Feudalism
As soon as William had been crowned, he began to establish a strong central government in English on the system that had been so successful in Normandy. This is called the feudal system, and it was based on the ownership of land. The life of all classes was controlled by strict rules. William took the land away from its English owners and divided it among a number of great Norman lords and the lords’ land was further divided among the 5000 knights who had fought at Hastings. Knights were small landowners who also experienced professional soldiers, for they held their lands on condition that they fought for their lords whenever necessary. All the lords and knights should swear loyalty to the King.
    William was deeply religious, firm in purpose, and unchanging in gaining his ends. Within a few years, he crushed stubborn resistance of the English and completed the conquest of English. He made the king the real ruler of the country and brought peace and order to England.” During William’s rule, many cathedrals and castles were built. The construction of the Tower of London began .Shortly before his death in 1087, William sent out men to make a detailed record, known as the Doomsday Book, is a rich source of information about England in the Middle Ages. It records how much land and other property there was in England, who held it, and what taxes and services the landholders owed the king for their property.
3.2 Significance to English Churches
Norman Conquest happened in a peculiar period. Norman king and the church contradiction just bulged very quickly. William I had reinforced controlling to church. A lot of clergyman who had chosen from Normandy went to the president who held the post of a bishop or monastery. Secondly, he forbad the clergyman marriage, sent their order to observe this Curia Romania one aspect regulation strictly. Once again, William I sent a bishop an order withdraw from the district court, set up the Inquisition in addition , the specialty handled law case relevant to religion and church, the religion law with Curia Romania was to bring a basis to trial. But, he allowed any church law work out not to without him, his Baron also was not to send out from church. Besides, William I also prescribed that the church judiciary accepted common customs authority protection. These William I acted, one aspect made the church judiciary avoid local influence effect; another aspect had also reinforced him controlling of church. During that period when the person governed in a forceful way, because of William I, England church firmly was controlled by king.
But, William I did not continue the church controlling after his death. Quickly, a train of event had broken this authority belonging to a pattern. The focal point of this event was bishop's commission and jurisdiction of church court. Announce the person in William I after to supreme England church jurisdiction before long, Pope announced in who’s well-known "Pope order”, position higher than all bishops could make the court decision dethroning a bishop only when Pope was entitled to abolish and restore a bishop- - including the emperor and king. But this was never put into effect during that period when one ordered the three-position king before Norman dynasty to be on the throne in England, gave in despite of Henry I had made some substantiality’s, host professor authority of office was ceded to Pope, but the bishop was king's ruler's subject, needed swearing an oath to devote to the king, be awarded land by king. But when Anselun passed away, and Henry I had called back whose authority step by step, had reinforced the controlling of church fatherly. Therefore during that period when father and son three people were on the throne in William I, England church was always in control of imperial court hand.
3.3 Significance to English Tax and Land Reform
Generally speaking, the feudal system in England then included two aspects: the political feudalism and the economic feudalism. The economic feudalism was that the land was divided, which was gathered by the feudal lords, into two parts, the part of marked gave liberty to agriculture or to serf for plowing; another part left for private ownerships. Peasant's duty was to provide certain quantity of produce and the kind material object- - changing into money afterwards. If people wanted to provide certain produce, or were used to plowing some land of feudal lords, he could to go the feudal lords, and the feudal lords gained main income from these lands. The law cases that the Peasants brought to trial, although these manors had manor court themselves, were economic cases mainly, often going only to a local customary law. And feudal economy made the organization unit only being one part of agriculture.
William I had been left large amount of manors for himself (approximately about 1/5 of the whole nation’s), these manors had been called the imperial court manors, besides, during William I’s reign, it had been stipulated t that countrywide forest belonged to the king, any hunting had been forbidden. The income and collecting of these manors came from the countrywide tax revenue- - including Dane geld and these tax revenues such as shield tax, surcharge fee- - which composed king's main income. These incomes made William I have the capability maintaining one big and powerful troop.
3.4 Significance to English Laws
3.4.1 Reform of the English Laws
English laws in any sense dated back to the Norman Conquest. Before then no unified system of law existed over the country. Indeed the country itself was unrecognizable as the unified whole, with a central government, as was so family then. The picture before the Conquest was one of a country split into shires. The shires were split into hundreds and the hundreds into townships. Life was local. Law was local. It was based on local custom. It was administered in local courts. These were at the hundred levels and at the shire level. There were also at about this time courts organized by the local landowners called manorial or seigniorial courts. There were broad laws initiated by the Anglo-Saxon Kings. They were called dooms, but they were not often made. There was a council of advisers around the king, called the Witan but in as much as it had any judicial function it served only to settle disputes between the larger landowners. It was a political forum for the few. 
Some of the effects of the Norman Conquest were to centralize the focus of the legal system, to unify the disparate local customs into one law common to the whole country (Common Law), and to create the basic structure of the court system which lasted until the late nineteenth century and beyond---but all that took hundreds of years. It would have been impossible, for example, for the Norman king to abolish the local courts run by the lords of the manor and assume their jurisdiction. There was no legal obstacle, but these courts were an important source of income to the lords and no diminution escaped resistance from them. The central system of courts gradually took over and the manorial courts wasted away-over about 300 years. An interesting factor in this fading away was the Statute of Gloucester 1278, which provided that no personal action for less than ￡2 could be commenced in the royal courts. This was an attempt to maintain the jurisdiction and existence of the local courts However, the common law judges in the royal courts took it to mean that no action for more than ￡2 could be dealt with by the local courts. So, with the fall in the value of money which seemed inevitable over time, the jurisdiction wasted away.
The judiciary and the constitutional government that had discussion about the Common Law concentrated on the common law in the ir homeland. Their discussion about the common law was confined to the close phylogeny referred before modern times, but it meaning in directing modern times is much less. English started to realize that law was destined to be only one epic for which tears and blood were casted away. In the past hundred years, royal prerogative of United Kingdom had developed from the conquer with one climax following another. The Big Charter and the Wars of the Roses had shown the evolution of royal prerogative in Middle Ages, the centralization of state power that Norman Conquest brought about was considered as a starting point. Factors such as those participated in centralization of state power, tax revenue, development of individuality, even monarch brought about the evolution of royal prerogative. Interestingly, various local influences narrating gimmick which had shown the messy images of that evolution also were reflected in a lot of drama. The common law, the principal character being UK-US genealogy of law is regarded as the process of centralization which became privileged and one kind of total victory over administration authority after Norman Conquest. Another important factor in the centralization of judicial activity was the emergence and evolution of the law system.
3.4.2 Beginning of Common Law
    The history of Common Law began in the phase of developing system of law that followed the Norman Conquest of England. Common Law was either made by the judge-developing principles case by case, by analogy with earlier cases, along fairly settled lines, or it was made in a broad sweep by Parliament by means of statutes (Acts of Parliament). Common Law was called Judge-made law. In theory it was comprised of rules which already existed and simply required pronouncement by the judge. In fact, of course, judicial creativity did not exist, although it varied between judges. Acts of Parliament (statutes) sometimes enabled others to make law on a very restricted basis. These laws appeared as ‘rules’ or ‘regulations’ or ‘bylaws’ and while they were made by others they possess the delegated authority of Parliament. All this law made by or on behalf of Parliament, taken together, was called legislation.
The British common law was behind Norman Conquest, under a series of the accidental push gradually. Among them, was the painstakingly design. Law was one kind of product of king’s centralization once. The great majority law, initial measure being a few emergencies only, but, while people scanned these accidents again after the event, they discovered that they had formed a artery and vein- that the common law developed exactly being mutuality. I
3.4.3 Significance to English Law Language
The impact of Norman Conquest over English society was all-direction. Language certainly was not an exception, which was especially obvious in legal language. Suppose one lawyer used English not containing any loanword on court, be therefore likely discovered himself being able to say nothing more! Although a little antiquated England vocabulary had reserved down as public law term, but more law vocabulary originated from French--- like parliament and their decree.
But, the language evolution same be a process advancing gradually. When William I put his decree into use in English and Latin. Within the time following, Latin always was legal official documents term, had a good knowledge of this language mostly because of Normandy and England upper circles all knew it well. But, since very few personages were able to be accomplished in this language, as a result, it could not become the competition having charged formality debating with court with a term in words, having formed French and English thereby in this field. Since being more hosting a court is Norman, the king and the nobleman also spoke French, French had established supremacy as a result very naturally in competition.
Henry I issued a decree in 1116, the court who could arrive at a king directly was explored being deprived of the land preserving and owning freely ruler's subject relieve, but king's court was to be controlled by French certainly. This had accelerated French being popular for. Although not still knowing French in lower levels. While Paraclete appearing, it had made up this defect. Although in1362, one decree announced, all court terms must be English, but, the sparks of fire applying French already having become  a prairie fire , was far from what had been able to be deterred by a decree. People began to wield the French thinking, but a few decrees publication also began to wield French- - despite of a lot of significant document writing still was to use Latin with being that the court term accompanied each other.
Therefore, Henry III announced that acceptance of Oxford regulation and use of Latin and French. French and Latin began to unfold competition in the law version language usage field formally. From Edward I to Richard III, French always was the formal law version term. Until 14 centuries later period, English became to use the legal language in the version - in a few petitions- and not applying to law directly as a result of translating French and Latin. But, its ruling position needed to establish until 17 centuries ultimately. The impact of Norman Conquest over language can be seen from above.
3.5 The Influence of French
In the process of English language development, foreign languages’ influence was great, among which French influence was maximal. And, the effect on individual words was direct and most obvious. In English history, two languages had existed side by side in a period of time, both England and France had a close connection, as a result, bilingually mutual effect was inevitable, a lot of French individual words made up the big quantity in English which was surprising. Many French individual words flooding in were not overnight, people can find their silhouettes in ancient times. French that had been the fountain of much vocabulary of English had a great influence on the growing of English language in almost every period in history. That proved that French had been so important to English, the two languages actually were somehow linked together for ever from historical point of view.
Language controls people’s thoughts not only as a means; moreover people put it into use. The Influence of French upon English had a very important position in the study of the language development in English history. Many linguists and scholars have studied this topic. Norman Conquest was one of the most important and influential factors in history. For existing side by side for a long time, English and French had intimate relationship. French had strong influence on English, which was much more direct and observable in vocabulary, thousands of French loan words poured into English in that period. In brief, these French loan words reflected advanced French culture, and the advanced French culture improved the development of English society and culture at that time. Having some knowledge about it can help people to understand the English vocabulary and their original words of French better. The French Normandy duke invaded England in 1066, the island, and became William I ultimately and successfully. He purged the royal or imperial government and churches then, all important positions had all been held by French, all exchanges of upper strata all used French. William I couldn’t say English. The impact of this matter that French invaded over English was compared to the biggest event than any other things in English history. Here from, French produced extremely great effect on English. French produced effect on English, however, English kept its own structure without being changed by French influence. The conquering of Normandy people made English evolve more quickly and brought over a lot of advantages. In the field of vocabulary, the influence was obvious.
Although most Anglo-Saxons became serfs under the Normans, they kept their language and many of their customs while for more than 200 years after the Norman Conquest, members of the royal court and the upper class spoke French. Through the years, however, the differences between the Anglo-Saxons and the Normans gradually decreased, and their languages blended together. “By 1300, English had again become the chief national language. But, the English had borrowed thousands of French words and made them part of their own language. The English in an altered form is now called Middle English. In time, the Normans and Anglo-Saxons became a united people.

Conclusion
Norman Conquest had significance to the social development of England at that time. It not only accelerated but also accomplished the process of feudalization in England. Norman Conquest changed the historical course of England as well as that of Great Britain. Barons and the bishops replaced the Anglo-Saxon landlords. Influence of different cultures arrived in England and French and Latin had been its official language for 150 years. It promoted the religious and trade contacts between England and the European Continent. William built the Normandy feudal dynasties that allowed political power highly concentrated in England. From then on, the dynasty has continued its ruling amounting to 12 centuries. Norman Conquest really exerted a great influence not only on the historical course of development in England, but also on Britain as well.

Acknowledgements

I would like to express my gratitude to all those who helped me during the writing of this thesis. I gratefully acknowledge the help of my supervisor He Xiaocong who helped me a lot in understanding clearly the theme of the thesis, and collected some useful data and books concerned with the theme, and guided me on how to write an essay in a correct way. Without his assistance, I would not finish the paper smoothly and time ly. He is a responsible tutor, and has a good knowledge of Norman Conquest, which made an excellent impression on me. I admire his earnestness and carefulness, patience and mildness, especially his fulfillment of duty. He is a respectable teacher as well as a mentor for me.
I can not help showing my deep gratitude to the Foreign Language Department too, for the big favor it has done for me. All the teachers of the department are helpful and gave me a lot of good advice. Besides, I want to thank my classmates for their assistance, and they are warmhearted to help me overcome some difficulties during my writing. It is hard for me to represent my actual feelings with more proper words, and I sincerely appreciate all your help.

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