关联词的考点归纳与解题指导

一、考点归纳
　　关联词在近5年广东高考的语法填空中，每年都有1～2空，是考查的一个重要项目，具体考点归纳为以下四大点：
　　1. 并列连词。主要有and，or，but，while（而，却）， so，not only...but（also），neither...nor， either...or，not...but，for（因为），when（=and just at this time就在这时）等。
　　2. 定语从句的关系词。
　　（1）关系代词有who，whom，which，that， whose；
　　（2）关系副词有when，where，why（仅限先行词为reason）等。
　　注意：先行词是occasion时，常用when；先行词是point，stage，situation，case，position时，常用where。
　　3. 名词性从句的引导词。
　　（1）连词that，无任何词义，在从句中不充当任何句子成分，引导宾语从句时可省略；
　　（2）连词whether（是否）在从句中不充当任何句子成分，引导宾语从句时也可用if；
　　（3）连接代词有what，which，who，whom，whose，whatever，whoever，whomever，whichever等；
　　（4）连接副词有how，when，where，however，whenever，wherever。
　　4. 状语从句的从属连词。
　　（1）引导时间状语从句的有when，while，as，before，after，since，till/until，whenever，as soon as，the moment等；
　　（2）引导原因状语从句的有because，as，since，now（that），seeing（that，considering（that），given（that）；
　　（3）条件状语从句if，unless，as/so long as等；
　　（4）引导目的状语从句的有so that，in order that等；
　　（5）引导结果状语从句的有so that，so/such...that等；
　　（6）引导地点状语从句的有where， wherever等；
　　（7）引导比较状语从句的有as，than等；
　　（8）引导方式状语从句的有as，as if/thought等；
　　（9）引导让步状语从句的有although，though，as，while（虽然），even if/though，whatever，wherever，however，whenever， whether...or...等。
　　二、解法指导
　　当空格前后都是句子（一个主谓关系算一个句子），且这两个句子之间没有关联词时，那空格处应填关联词，否则，句子就不完整了。
　　根据两句之间的意义和逻辑关系，或者根据句式结构，确定是并列句还是某种主从复合句。然后确定这个句子在整个句子中所作句子成分确定从句类型，再结合关联词的意义和使用特点确定具体的关联词。如：一旦判断是定语从句，就根据定语从句的先行词和代表先行词的关系词在从句中充当的成分，来确定关系词。如果在从句中作主语、宾语或定语，用关系代词；如果作状语，则用关系副词。
　　[例1]（2011年广东）My friends walked me to the bus stop and waited with me the bus arrived.
　　解析：空格前后都是句子且这两个句子之间没有关联词，应填关联词； 由两句之间的逻辑关系可知，是“等到车来”，表示“直到”用until，引导时间状语从句。
　　[例2]（2011年广东）Behind him were other people to he was trying to talk，...
　　解析：空格前后都是句子且这两个句子之间没有关联词，应填关联词； 后面一句应当这样理解he was trying to talk to the people（他正试图同他们说话），可见，后面一句是定语从句，先行词是people，直接在介词后应用关系代词whom引导定语从句。
　　[例3]（2008年广东）One day，he came up with an idea he would pluck up all of his crop a few inches. He did so the next day.
　　解析：引导同位语从句，说明idea的具体内容； 从句的结构和意义完整，用that引导。
　　三、即时练习
　　在下列短文的空格处填空一个适当的关联词。
　　（一）
　　The film American Dreams in China （《中国合伙人》），directed by Peter Chan，is a carefully-calculated （有计划的） film with an eye toward opening the mainland cinema market. Chan has been one of the industry’s most powerful voices ever
　　1 he got into the Hong Kong film industry with He’s a Woman，She’s a Man.
　　American Dreams in China is a film purely for Chineses audiences，but 2 it plays there remains to be seen. It sends the right massages，but 3 that’s enough to make it a hit is everyone’s guess.
　The film began 4 the economic reforms were first carried out in China in the 1980s. Cheng Dongqing，Meng Xiaojun and Wang Yang were three friends at university in Beijing and preparing for American visa interviews. Wang was the first to be granted the visa 5 he gave it up for his western girlfriend，and Cheng was repeatedly denied. Only Meng actually got a study visa. 6 he was leaving，he told his friends 7 he wouldn’t come back.
　　Several years later，New Dream，a school 8 was built from the ashes of Cheng’s misfortune and wang’s ability to connect with students through Hollywood movies，brought them a new star. In America，Meng suffered a lot. He felt so disappointed 9 he went home to join New Dream. Later，there was a point 10 the three friends’ relationship became worsened，but finally was improved under the weight of their common goals.
　　（二）
　　Science and technology have been bringing human beings tremendous benefits. For example，online shopping is coming into fashion in most cities， 1 people are able to make full use of the rapidly-developed internet technology. Nowadays，can we find a person 2 has not experienced online shopping？ Definitely not. Online shopping is welcomed by most people 3 various reasons. From the perspective of consumers，it can save time for people 4 don’t have much spare time. Just click the mouse， 5 they can get
　　6 the y want while staying at home. For the retailers，it can cut some costs for those 7 don’t have much circulating funds 8 they don’t have to spend money in renting a house. However，there are still some disadvantages in online shopping. First，a face-to-face deal makes online shopping less reliable and trustworthy. Second，people will lose the fun of bargain.
　　It is undeniable 9 shopping on the internet has become an irresistible trend in modern society and dramatically changed the way 10 people live. It’s of great urgency that we need to make the relative laws. Only in this way can we enjoy the pleasure and convenience of online shopping without the concern of being cheated.
　　答案与解析
　　（一）本文介绍了2013年的热门电影—陈可辛导演的《中国合伙人》，讲述由20世纪80年代至21世纪初，大时代下三个年轻人从学生年代相遇、相识，拥有同样的梦想至一起打拼事业，共同创办英语培训学校，最后功成名就实现梦想的励志故事。
　　1. since 引导时间状语从句，注意主句跟从句的时态。
　　2. how 引导主语从句，“在内地的放映方式仍有待观察”。
　　3. whether 引导主语从句。
　　4. when 引导时间状语从句。
　　5. but 转折，“拿到签证却放弃了”。
　　6. As/When 引导时间状语从句，意为“当……的时候”。
　　7. that 引导宾语从句。
　　8. which 引导定语从句，修饰前面的school。
　　9. that 引导结果状语从句，构成“so...that”的结构。
　　10. where 引导定语从句，先行词为point。
　　（二）本文为说明文，说明了网购的优缺点，并提出只有在相关法律的保证下才能更好的享受网购的乐趣和便利。
　　1. where 引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为cities。
　　2. who 引导限制性定语从句，先行词为a person。
　　3. for 因for various reasons表示“由于不同的原因”。
　　4. who 引导限制性定语从句，先行词为people。
　　5. and 构成“祈使句，and+句子”的结构。
　　6. whatever 引导宾语从句。
　　7. who 引导限制性定语从句，先行词为those。
　　8. because 引导原因状语从句。
　　9. that 引导主语从句，充当真正的主语，但后置，it是形式主语。
　　10. that 引导定语从句，先行词为the way。
　　（作者单位：广州市第二中学）