鬼的英语毕业论文

鬼的英语毕业论文

79. 浅析中西鬼文化 (字数:6755.页数:19 )
80. 建构主义理论下计算机辅助大学英语视听说——以 英语专业为例 (字数:7471.页数:24 )
81. 论英语和汉语色彩词的文化内涵 (字数:8111.页数:22 )
82. 信达雅在旅游宣传资料翻译中的应用 (字数:6771.页数:19 )
83. 英汉植物词文化内涵的比较研究 (字数:6440.页数:18 )

84. 影视翻译的特点及技巧—阿甘正传个案研究 (字数:6957.页数:21 )
85. 美国和中国感恩文化的精髓：合格公民的必备素质 (字数:6097.页数:17 )
86. 先进的英语阅读理念与英语快速阅读的关系 (字数:6737.页数:21 )
87. 透过广告创意看中西文化差异 (字数:6481.页数:19 )
88. 从“死亡”委婉语看中西方文化差异 (字数:6208.页数:18 )
89. 以女性主义看《傲慢与偏见》中的女性形象 (字数:6437.页数:18 )
90. 教师的课堂情感表现在小学英语教学中的关键性作用 (字数:5729.页数:18 )
91. 性别差异在日常英语词汇和句法中的体现 (字数:5414.页数:18 )
92. 口译中的文化差异：现象与对策 (字数:6381.页数:19 )
93. 浅析中西方喜剧文化---以《武林外传》和《老友记》为例 (字数:6381.页数:19 )
94. 关联理论的语境价值与英语专业四级考试听力理解 (字数:6259.页数:19 )
95. 比较中西方礼仪差别 (字数:5626.页数:17 )
96. 英汉数字词语认知比较研究 (字数:7916.页数:21 )
97. 商标英语的语言特点 (字数:8656.页数:31 )
98. 英语演讲中的修辞手法 (字数:8137.页数:23 )
99. 任务型教学法在初中英语阅读的应用 (字数:12712.页数:37)
100. 中国特色词汇的英译 (字数:8097.页数:26 )

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英语专业的毕业论文写什么好？我想写比较特别一点的，个人对吸血鬼比较感兴趣，希望朋友们有好点子能帮我

既然喜欢吸血鬼，写自己感兴趣的东西当然比较好下手啦。
1.吸血鬼存在性的考证。研究下十六~十八世纪欧洲的吸血鬼记录，吸血鬼的起源，文化，和近现代吸血鬼追踪文献什么的。
2.研究下现代吸血鬼热的原因。漫画，电影、小说，电视剧很多都以吸血鬼做题材，可以从社会心理学角度分析下大家为什么热衷于吸血鬼。
= =
暂时只想到两点。

帮忙写（找）一篇关于研究中西方文化差异的论文。1000~2000字，用英语写

隐喻的中西方文化差异

Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions above.
Keywords: metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation.

1. Preamble
Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation.
2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies
In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. "

2.1 metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures
2.1.1 relationship
Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience.

2.1.2 non-correspondence
English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories:
2.1.2.1 Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to
English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum).
2.1.2.2 counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to
English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao.
2.1.2.3 Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to
Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor .
2.2 Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor
Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience.
2.3 in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures
As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences.
2.4 The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence
Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse.
2.4.1 metaphorical expression of cultural conflict
Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures
"Dragon" to give a different connotation.
2.4.2 differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor
In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society.
2.4.3 different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor
Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on.
It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange.
3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation
The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences.
American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange.
3.1 Literal Translation
The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method.
(1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine.
: You are my sun, my only sunshine.
In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation.

(1) He is another Shylock.
: He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business
People. )
(2) To carry coals to Newcastle.
: Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.)

4. Conclusion
Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.

有关鬼的英语作文的结尾的自我认为

托妮·莫里森《宠儿》（1987），中国文学出版社，潘岳、雷格译 前言 雷格 1989年春天，出于对虚掷光阴的恐惧，而且为作品中叙述文字的敷张扬厉和对话描写的简约生动所吸引，潘岳和我开始尝试合作翻译美国黑人女作家托妮莫里森刚刚获普利策奖的长篇小说《宠儿》。起初对出版也没抱什么希望，只是凭着青春的热情一次次地进行修改、斟酌、打磨；而这种不期然的相遇竟导致我们沉迷于莫里森的精神世界数载之久，甚至思维方式、情感方式和审美方式也深受影响，却是始料所不及的。1996年《宠儿》正式由中国文一学出版社出版后，某电视台曾为此书做专题节目，请我们介绍故事的梗概；谈着谈着，我们也会像小说中的主人公一样从话题的一侧偏出，纠缠于某个细节而不能自己，就好像我们曾经身临其境，为那些惊心动魄的时刻作见证。1989年秋《宠儿》初稿译毕后，我们曾在讨论中认定，这是一部在艺术质量上堪与古今任何伟大小说相媲美的杰作，它的作者应当能够在十年之内摘得诺贝尔文学奖桂冠；1993年10月托妮莫里森获奖消息传出，远在大洋彼岸的潘岳便马上打来电话与我分享喜悦；当然，举世称誉和惊叹的众声喧哗中，不可能有人知晓和在意两个中国年轻人的莫名激动。 我国读者对托妮莫里森应当不陌生。她的《秀拉》、《所罗门之歌》和《宠儿》已出版了中译本，《所罗门之歌》和《宠儿》还有不止一个版本。作家本人也曾在80年代访问过我国。在1999年9月揭晓的“20世纪百部文学经典”调查活动（由外研社与《中华读书报》合办的《国际文化》专刊主办）中，《宠儿》名列第30位。 托妮莫里森（Toni Morrison），本名克娄安东妮沃福德（Chloe Anthony Wofford），1931年2月 18日出生于美国俄亥俄州洛雷恩镇一个造船工人家庭。父母皆自信而富艺术细胞，母亲是教堂唱诗班的领唱，父亲是个讲述黑人民间传说和鬼故事的高手，这都对她产生了潜移默化的影响，她儿时的理想就是做一名芭蕾舞演员。1949年，莫里森以优等生从洛雷恩高中毕业，1953年，从华盛顿市的霍华德大学本科毕业，1955年在康奈尔大学获文学硕士学位，其毕业论文的题目是《论威廉福克纳和弗吉尼亚伍尔芙作品中的自杀主题》。莫里森一生从事的职业无非两种，不是教师就是编辑。她先是在德克萨斯南方大学和霍华德大学教英语，然后在兰登书屋下属的辛格出版公司做教科书编辑，1967年任兰登书屋高级编辑。1971年起，她相继在纽约州立大学、耶鲁大学授课；到1984年，她辞去兰登书屋的工作，任纽约州立大学教授；1987年起任普林斯顿大学罗伯特戈辛教席教授，讲授写作至今。1958年，她与牙买加建筑师哈罗德莫里森结婚，育有二子。但这桩婚姻仅维持六年便告破裂。此后她一直独身。1993年，托妮莫里森被瑞典文学院授予诺贝尔文学奖，理由是她“以其富于洞察力和诗情画意的小说把美国现实的一个重要方面写活了”。 按照莫里森本人的说法，她“从来没有准备成为一名作家”。当她的婚姻出现危机时，她积极参加一个写作小组的活动，聊以暂时逃避不幸的婚姻生活。她的一篇匆匆写就的短篇小说得到大家的称许，该小说取材于她的童年生活，写的是她相识的一个黑人小女孩祈求上帝给自己一双蓝眼睛的故事。离婚以后，莫里森独自抚养两个孩子，每天晚上安顿他们睡着后开始写作，并且从中感受到了前所未有的乐趣。她翻检出那个短篇，借助自己非凡的想象力把它敷演扩充成一个篇幅不大的长篇，名为《最蓝的眼睛》（The Bluest Eye，1967）。在小说中，又黑又丑、无人理睬的佩可拉对生活也有非分之求――一双美丽的蓝眼睛，可到头来这奢望只能在疯狂的幻觉中得以实现；她的悲剧就在于她生长在一个名叫美国的国家，这个国家钟爱的仅仅是她金色头发、蓝色眼睛的孩子。这部揭示白人文化和价值观侵蚀和挤压下黑人精神世界的畸变与扭曲的小说几经周折，终于于1970年出版，并获得评论界的好评，而此时莫里森已近40岁了。 《最蓝的眼睛》为莫里森日后的小说创作定下了一个基准音调，也使她以一个尖锐思想者和种族代言人的姿态堂堂正正地介入美国黑人文学的传统。尽管美国黑人文学随着黑奴们被迫来到“新大陆”便已肇始，但它真正获得自己的声音还是在20年代的“哈莱姆文艺复兴运动”之后。在四五十年代进入成熟期的黑人文学以三部长篇小说作为自己的里程碑：理查德赖特的“抗议小说”《土生子》（1940），拉尔夫埃里森以“寻找自我”为主题的《看不见的人》（1952），以及詹姆斯鲍德温探讨黑白关系的《向苍天呼吁》（1953）。作为后继者，莫里森认真地考察了这些前辈作家的写作并表示了极大的敬意，但她从中辨析出的某种辩解、倾诉和取悦于人的音调也令她深感失望。她后来在一次访谈中说，“他们只是把我们黑人的事讲给你们听，讲给大家，讲给白人，讲给男人听。”也正是在这样的时刻，她清晰地意识到了自己肩上的责任：以现代艺术和人性的光芒实现对诸如黑人妇女这样的双重（多重）弱势群体的观照与关怀，为他（她）们和他（她）们的心灵作史。她坚持自称“黑人女作家”，因为“身为黑人和女性，我能进入到那些非黑人、非女性者所不能进入的情感与感受的广阔领域”。 处女作发表后，莫里森进入稳定的写作状态，每问世一部作品便将思想和艺术的探索推进一步。她迄今问世的长篇小说除《最蓝的眼睛》外共有六部：《秀拉》（Sula，1973），塑造了一个个性鲜明、充满叛逆精神的黑人女性秀拉的悲剧形象，提出种族、性别和阶级压迫下黑人妇女的出路问题。《所罗门之歌》（Song of Solomon，1977，获全国图书评论界奖），写一个内心矛盾、困惑的富裕黑人青年“奶人”无意中踏上寻根之路，结果在先辈们留下的传说、神话和歌谣中，种族意识被唤醒。《柏油娃娃》（Tar Baby，1981），写白人文化的熏陶和浸染下长大的黑人女模特佳丁与黑人逃犯“儿子”的恋情，在表现二人性格冲突的同时，深切关注黑人传统价值观在当代黑人生活中的位置。《宠儿》（Beloved，1987，获普利策小说奖），通过一桩杀婴案及其余波揭示罪恶的奴隶制的无穷贻害，是她的代表作品。《爵士乐》（Jazz，1992），写一对老夫妇以及一个姑娘间奇特的三角关系：53岁的乔爱上了年轻的朵尔卡丝，当后者移情别恋时他向她开了枪；乔的妻子怀奥莱特跑到姑娘的葬礼上，要用刀子去划者的脸，后来又多方走访，尽力去理解她的内心世界；最后夫妻二人在对共同生活的回顾中达成了奇妙的和解。莫里森以这个故事为切入口，展现了20年代大批黑人为逃避种族迫害和寻找更好的生活从南方乡村进入北方大都市的历史画卷，以爵士乐总领全书，透视一种发生在奴役与解放、灵魂与肉体、城市与乡村、男性与女性间的巨大冲突。《天堂》（Paradise，1998），讲述的是19世纪70年代，一群不为社会所容的自由黑奴李妇将雏结伴西进，在一个名叫鲁比的小城定居下来，创建了一个天堂般的纯粹由黑人构成的社区。到了一百年以后的1976年，外部世界对这个“天堂”的侵蚀和熏染已经使居民们难以忍受，他们把社区的纯洁性受到的威胁归罪于在城外一所修道院避难的一群无家可归的女人，于是，一伙男人袭击了这些“有伤风化”的女人。然而，对底层妇女命运的深切关注仍然是这本书的主题，因为大量的篇幅又被用来描述那不断介入她们当下生活的过去。被袭击的女人中间还有一个白人，但莫里森并没有点明哪一个是，而是留给读者自己去区分。《宠儿》、《爵士乐》和《天堂》构成了一个意在总结和梳理美国黑人百年历史的三部曲，每部作品中都涉及最终诉诸暴力的爱。莫里森还在三部曲中逐步发展了她的抒情史诗艺术，例如，在经纬《爵士乐》的时候借用了黑人音乐布鲁斯（blues）的表现手法，将多种音调相交织、混杂，使得整个文本宛如一部波澜起伏、连绵不绝的爵士乐总谱，从而准确而充分地传达人物内心的饥渴、痛苦和扭曲，并且引入评论家们所谓的“双声叙述”方式以增强层次感。在《天堂》中，莫里森将叙事文体中虚构、梦想和语言的抒情性发挥到近乎无节制的地步，据说这部新作是在一种半谵妄的状态下写成的。除长篇小说外，莫里森还著有剧本《做梦的埃梅特》（Dreaming Emmett，1986）、又论集《在黑暗中弹奏》（Playing in the Dark：Whiteness and the Literary Imagination，1993）、童话诗《大盒子》（The Big Box，1999）等。 1987年，莫里森发表了不朽杰作《宠儿》。该书的主要情节取材于一个真实的历史事件：19世纪50年代，一个名叫玛格丽特加纳的女黑奴携子女从肯塔基的奴隶庄园逃到俄亥俄的辛辛那提，奴隶主循踪追至，为了使儿女不再重复自已做奴隶的悲惨命运，她抄起一把斧子，毅然决定为他们选择亡，但只是杀了一个女儿。莫里森在为兰登书屋编辑反映黑人长达三百年争取平等自由的斗争史的文献汇编《黑人之书》（1974）时接触到了这个故事，当时便产生了强烈的创作冲动，极想通过小说的艺术形式探究当事人的心理状态，从而为深受罪恶的奴隶制精神残害的黑奴们写一部心灵史。足以证明此书在莫里森心目中的分量的是，经历了十年的酝酿和三年的写作，《宠儿》才终于问世，在小说中女主人公的名字叫塞丝，而那昭示绝望、疯狂、极端的爱的凶器也变成了一把更危险的手锯。小说发表后在美国文学界、文化界引起强烈震动，各大报刊纷纷刊文给予最高规格的赞语，认为它是美国黑人历史的一座纪念碑。但是该书嗣后落选全国图书奖，人们普遍认为是由于书中对种族主义的无情伐挞引得评委会中某些大人老爷心生不快，17名黑人作家、艺术家因此联名发表公开信以示抗议。在这样的背景下，1988年度的普利策奖被授予《宠儿》。进入 90年代以后，《宠儿》已经跻身现代文学经典之列，西方许多大学文学系的现代派文学、意识流小说、黑人文学、女性主义文学等课程均将其选入必读书目；心理分析、结构主义、女性主义、西方马克思主义、叙述学等学派纷纷从中找到证明自己理论的材料。1998年，《宠儿》被搬上银幕，著名电视主持人奥普拉温芙蕾饰演塞丝。 莫里森为《宠儿》一书所选取的场景是辛辛那提城郊的蓝石路124号凶宅，现在时是1873年，蓄奴制已废除10年。1855年，美丽而高傲的女黑奴塞丝只身从肯塔基州的“甜蜜之家”农庄逃亡至此，投奔婆母贝比萨格斯（她的二子一女已先期送来，路上又产下一女）；28天之后，奴隶主“学校老师”带人追来，塞丝锯断了年仅一岁左右的女儿的喉咙，下葬时为她取名“宠儿”。尽管逃亡和杀女已是18年前的往事，但往事的梦魇一刻也不曾停止过对塞丝的纠缠，小说起首即开宗明义写道，124号“充斥着一个婴儿的怨毒”，但到了1873年，“塞丝和女儿丹芙成了它仅存的受害者”（《宠儿》，Plume版3页，中文版3页，下同）。“宠儿”的冤魂多年来一直在家中肆虐，导致她的两个儿子离家出走，加速婆婆贝比萨格斯的精神崩溃和亡，使小女儿丹芙养成了孤僻、幽闭的性格。这一天，前“甜蜜之家”农庄最后一个男性黑奴保罗D的来访，打破了塞丝与世隔绝的生活表面上的平静：他在房子里乱砸一气，赶走了小鬼魂，取代了它的位置，与塞丝同居并向她许诺“一种生活”；随后“宠儿”以20岁少女的肉身还魂，进入这个家庭讨还爱债；为占有塞丝全部的爱，宠儿甚至不惜诱奸保罗D，以将他赶出家门。然而一个鬼魂对爱的追索是水难餍足的，塞丝终于走到了精神崩溃的边缘……最后，是成长起来的丹芙和黑人民众一起帮助她摆脱了宠儿，开始面对新生活。 表面上看，《宠儿》占有了一个成功故事的大部分要素：苦难，爱，神秘，性，暴力；但它在莫里森笔下却呈现出另一派气象，繁复缤纷有如镶嵌艺术，缠绵热烈有如爵士音乐，玄深晦涩有如现代诗；它所具有的力量更是一部讨巧的畅销书所水难企及的。在我看来，确保了这部作品的伟大性的，与其说是作者高超的叙事技巧，毋宁说是她傲视同侪的思想水准。莫里森的思想所触及的黑人历史，往往由这样的司空见惯的场景构成：某一天，吃过晚饭，由于无事可做，一个白人农家少妇会把娃娃驮在肩上，无动于衷地出门去看私刑处黑人；施刑的男人们对这个被虐杀的黑人绝说不上有什么深化大恨，他们这样做也许仅仅是因为一时兴起，戏谑和展示权力的动机兼而有之。在莫里森看来，此类兽行的随意性所蕴涵的对人类生命和尊严的蔑视比奴隶制本身的残酷更令人心惊胆寒。所以，她的笔触超越了愤怒，也不再“控诉”，而是以一种斩钉截铁的痛切陈述一个黑奴（或解放了的黑奴）在世界上的根本处境：“任何一个白人，都能因为他脑子里突然闪过的一个什么念头，而夺走你的整个自我。不止是奴役、杀戮或者残害你，还要玷污你。玷污得如此彻底，让你都不可能再喜欢你自己。玷污得如此彻底，能让你忘了自己是谁，而且再也不能回想起来。”（251，299）“白人认为，不管有没有教养，每一张黑皮肤下都是热带丛林。不能行船的急流，荡来荡去的尖叫的排狒，沉睡的蛇，觊觎着他们甜蜜的白人血液的红牙床。……黑人越是花力气说服他们，自己有多么温柔，多么聪明、仁爱，多么有人性，越是耗尽自已向白人证明黑人的某种不容置疑的信念，他们体内的丛林就越是深密、纷乱。……它是白人在他们体内栽下的丛林。……它生长着。它蔓延着。……直到它最终侵犯了栽下它的白人。……让他们变得残忍、愚蠢，让他们甚至比他们愿意变成的样子更坏，让他们对自己创造的丛林惊恐万状。尖叫的狒排生活在他们自己的白皮肤下；红牙床是他们自己的。”（198，237）在小说中，“学校老师”就是这种典型的白人，他处处摆出一副铁面无私、科学客观的姿态，但他和他的两个侄子的所作所为却是十足的兽行：他为了搞所谓研究，成天拿着尺子在黑奴们身上量来量去，像对待牲口一样；两个侄子更无聊到强行把塞丝按倒，吸走她哺养婴儿的奶水，对一个女人最神圣的母性进行疯狂践踏。塞丝曾经将白人分成邪恶的“学校老师”、侄子等和善良的爱弥、加纳、鲍德温、警官等，但最终还是认识到这种划分本身的无意义，因为白人的行善或行恶完全是单向的。偶然的，甚至情绪化的，黑人对自己的生宠辱却惟有听天由命，毫无选择的余地。进入现代文明的人类历史，把科学和民主的光环给了新兴的美利坚，却将其最黑暗、最卑劣的部分加诸非洲裔美国人之身，“六千万甚至更多”（《宠儿》扉页题词）的黑奴亡魂就是铁证；奴隶制及其余韵对黑人心理的影响甚至超过了苦难本身，即便是20世纪末的现在，它的巨大阴影仍无法从广大黑人民众的心头祛除，黑人面临的各种社会问题也都能从屈辱历史中找到源头。将人们甚至不愿回顾的历史以及黑人心灵在其中的境遇――首先就是无尽的煎熬和永恒的孤独――展现出来，是莫里森的当然职责，所以，她鄙弃当下黑人文学、艺术中那种得到白人鼓励的“自我鞭笞”，宣称她的作品是写出来“给黑人自己看的”。《宠儿》有着比常人缓慢的脉搏，因为它的角色们的心灵更为沉重；但这脉搏却是历尽磨难的人们从民族悲剧的灰烬中崛起，试图寻找永存希望的意义和理由的证据。在黑人精神自救这一关键问题上，她借书中角色之口给出了一种选择的可能性。塞丝的婆母贝比萨格斯踏上自由土地的那一刻突然听见了“自己的心跳”，强烈感受到“自由在世界上无可比拟”（141，168），便做了一名“不入会的牧师”，将她对自由的热爱奉献给黑人群众。她在“林间空地”布道时号召他们热爱自己的肉体――眼睛，皮肤，手，脸，嘴，脚，后背，肩膀，臂膊，脖子，内脏――因为“在那边，他们（白人）不爱你的肉体。他们蔑视它”。她进一步要求大家爱自已的心：“比眼睛比脚更热爱。比呼吸自由空气的肺更热爱。比你保存生命的子宫和你创造生命的私处更热爱，现在听我说，爱你的心。因为这才是价值所在。”在激动人心的演说过后，“她不再多说一句，站起身，用扭动的臀部舞出她的。C44L的其他部位”。（88，105）热爱，这朴素的思想（还有它的表达方式）尽管包含了太多的无奈，但却是切实的和强有力的。《宠儿》出版后有评论认为，“莫里森业已成为黑人灵魂的DH劳伦斯。”在我看来，这样的恭维倒很有些低看了莫里森。 莫里森激烈的种族立场一直为某些人所诟病，被认为削弱了对人性深度的挖掘。其实这种似是而非的看法是极为有害的，对种族矛盾的本质的深刻洞见乃是莫里森文学殿堂最坚固的基石，因为惟有解开这个结才能使黑人族群获得起码的自我身份认定，从而进一步探询与展现人性之奥秘；回避和抹杀它侈谈人性则无异隔靴搔痒。作为小说核心情节的杀婴事件就是作为这样一种思想的载体逐渐在读者们的视野中清晰起来的。事件的起因是塞丝从“甜蜜之家”庄园的逃亡，而逃亡本身又是对《圣经》中失乐园神话的成仿与改写。“甜蜜之家”的名称很明显地喻指伊甸园。庄园主加纳夫妇实行着“一种特殊的奴隶制”，待黑奴们很和善，从不打骂他们，教他们写写算算，让他们拿枪，还允许黑尔在周末外出打工挣钱赎买母亲的自由。一直到加纳先生去、“学校老师”接管庄园，庄园里的黑奴们都好像伊甸园里的亚当夏娃一样，懵懂无知地生活在一个田园牧歌式的梦境里。与夏娃的偷食禁果相对应，塞丝人性的最初觉醒产生于一次偶然的偷听：她无意间撞见“学校老师”给两个侄子上课，他正指导他们对黑奴进行研究，要求他们在纸上把塞丝的“人的属性放在左边”，“动物属性放在右边”（193，231）。她深受震动，并暗暗发誓，决不允许自己的孩子的属性再被放到动物一边。因此，当塞丝的丈夫黑尔和西克索策划的集体逃亡失败后，她毅然决定只身出逃并一举获得成功，而她当时怀着六个月的身孕，还刚刚遭到两个侄子毒打，后背被划开，伤势严重。亚当夏娃吃了识善恶的果子被耶和华逐出乐园，还属于被动行为；而塞丝的逃亡则是不折不扣的主动出击，它以对所谓乐园的否定和拒斥宣示了人的自觉。到杀女事件发生，塞丝暴烈的母爱将这种行为中的否定倾向发挥到极致，其实是顺理成章的结果，其意义在于，一个奴隶第一次真正成为自已生命的主宰，她身上人性的高贵、丰盈和美丽全系于那挑战历史必然的非理性方式。1995年我们曾在美国的广播中听到一个直播节目，内容是关于《宠儿》的讨论；有许多白人听众打电话质问，莫里森为什么不对“杀人犯塞丝”进行道义上的谴责；说实话，我们相当震惊于这些人的傲慢、愚蠢，不过也进一步理解了莫里森所坚持的写作立场。当保罗D得知塞丝杀女真相后指责她，说“你的爱太浓了”时，她的答复是：“要么是爱，要么不是。淡的爱根本就不是爱。”（164，196）在此，一个长期“失语”的民族从一个似乎失去理智的弱女子身上获得了自己的声音和性格，对失乐园神话的仿写也就此转为民族精神和文化从阵痛中新生的神话的构建。莫里森选择种族和性别双重压迫下的女性做自己的民族英雄史诗的主角，承担为民族寻找自我、塑造形象的重任，既不违背民族历史和现状的真实性，也体现了她一贯的女权主义思想。 相对于贝比萨格斯的布道（发散型的爱），塞丝选择的爱更具内敛特征：在最低限度上以最大强度捍卫人的尊严。二者都遭到了惨痛的失败：贝比心力交瘁，只能躺在床上琢磨颜色等；塞丝则在与返回阳间索债的宠儿的爱恨纠葛中精神失常。莫里森为这两次失败安排了一个不同寻常的背景：黑人同胞的离弃。儿媳逃亡成功后，在辛辛那提黑人群众中享有崇高威望的贝比萨格斯举办了一个盛大的宴会招待朋友们，但大家酒足饭饱后却对她心生嫉妒，认为她把所有的福分和荣誉都占全了，“浓重的非难气味在空中凝滞”（137，164）；因此，第二天“学校老师”带人来猎奴时，没有人前来通风报信，这间接导致了杀婴惨剧的发生；塞丝出狱后，又因为骄傲遭到他们十几年的疏远和孤立。莫里森在此刻摆脱了种族题材的限制，从哲学的高度关注人类在一个充斥二元对立冲突（比如善与恶、爱与恨、骄傲与妒忌）的世界中的两难处境以及他们对抗孤独、追寻意义的不懈努力，请黑人民众和所有的人来思索和回答，到底什么将获胜。――也许这就是为什么，她在全书的结尾部分又意味深长地让这种非理性进行了一次充分的表演：谵妄状态中的塞丝看见来接丹芙上班的雇主鲍德温先生的扎帽，误以为白人又来劫夺“她最宝贵的部分’了，便在内心高喊，“不。不不。不不不”（262，312），冲出门去杀他。 另外我想强调的是，莫里森在《宠儿》的叙事过程中所作的各种艺术处理――象征、隐喻、夸张、通感、意识流、时空变换、超自然现象描写、多角度叙述等等，一方面服务于小说的主题（明晰坚定的部分所构成的坚硬内核），一方面也与她思想大中量含义丰富隐晦、需要辨明的成分相匹配，或者说顺应着灵魂的需求和血液的节奏。譬如，小说被写成了一个鬼故事。凶宅闹鬼是18世纪末盛行的哥特式小说的惯用伎俩，但在莫里森笔端，它完全丧失了制造悬念和渲染恐怖气氛的作用，而与全书激越明亮的音色保持一致。宠儿的鬼魂多年来一直在124号徘徊不去，并且随时间推移渐渐长大，直至以妙龄少女的真身登场为止，它的基调是怨毒、悲伤、孤独、冤屈和愤怒。以肉身还魂的宠儿被设计成既有人的基本特征，又带有鬼的恍惚虚浮，较之一个危险的信号更像是联结阴阳两界的一条纽带。在一次访谈中，当被问及是否相信鬼魂存在时，莫里森答道：“是的。你相信细菌吗？……（要是没有鬼魂）我将不得不依靠所谓科学数据来解释毫无科学根据的事物。”显然，宠儿的形象带有非洲传统宗教思想和生观念的印记；我们也可以将其视做莫里森所倡导的黑人民族传统对现代文明既定秩序的有力反拨。 作为一部旨在揭示奴隶制精神贻害的小说，《宠儿》着重表现了过去时间对现实世界、尤其是已获自由之身的黑人心理的严重干扰。从现代精神分析学的角度看，女主人公塞丝与保罗D即将重逢、情节正式展开前一刻塞丝的思维状态，就是一种典型的精神病症状，塞丝虽然“不能原谅自己的记忆”（6，7），却无法控制它不滑向过去的深渊。事实上，小说中几乎所有人物都生活在一种极其危险的状况下，面临着这样一种随时都会失足跌入的心理深渊（在后来的《爵士乐》中，又被形象地描述为crack〈裂缝〉）。比如，贝比萨格斯有过六个丈夫、八个儿女，却全部不知所终；保罗D自认的男子气概在一只公鸡面前分崩离析；乐观刚强的老黑人斯坦普沛德年轻时妻子被小主人长期霸占却无能为力；泼辣能干的艾拉的青春期被一对白人父子分享，她称他们为“迄今最下贱的人”。莫里森把塞丝每天的生活描述成“击退过去的严肃工作”（73，86），当保罗D介入其中时，对“甜蜜之家”的共同记忆使得这工作变得难上加难；宠儿的归来更是彻底摧毁了它。奇妙的是，所有这一切都被莫里森用一个表面上杂乱无章、支离破碎的庞大结构严谨地组织起来，并动用现代小说几乎所有的文学手段将每一个碎片安放妥贴，焊接牢固，前节所罗列的一些手法仅是其中的一部分；这部篇幅并不长的作品就好像一次现代小说技巧大展或一本小说写作教科书，读者被其魔力吸引着，从任何一处（小说的每一页）都可以进入它所虚构的现实，但总会发现，在迷官的中。心坐着莫里森，像她一再说起的老妇人那样手中握着这个虚构世界的全部秘密。关于本书的结构，有论者认为，“仿佛将一幅画画在玻璃板上，将玻璃打碎，再把碎片按照令人眩目的现代形式重新拼接。”还有论者把莫里森的匠心独运描绘成“又一次晃了晃她那璀璨夺目的万花筒”。我们还可以将小说的结构看做一条有着许多暗流和旋涡的缓慢前行的河流，流程起讫为1973年春和1874年夏（叙述现在时），暗流和旋涡就是对过去时间的追忆、反省和重构；在人物不断的遐思、走神和泪号之中，过去和现在交错共生，情节随着涟漪扩大而趋于清晰完整，难以规避的真实浮出。小说开始就交代了小女婴被割断喉咙而的事实，其后又多次对杀婴真相进行暗示，但到完整再现杀婴现场时行文已经过半了，而杀婴动机还要在以后的篇幅里一而再、再而三地讨论才会水落石出。塞丝在逃亡途中生下女儿丹芙，主要得益于一个善良的穷苦白人女孩爱弥的无私帮助，这个歌颂超越种族界限的普遍人性的动人故事是相对独立于全书的，但莫里森仍让它分三次从不同的视角完成，层次分明：第一次由丹芙的思绪引出，第二次是丹芙讲给宠儿听的，第三次才由塞丝亲自补充周详。另外，各种音质的多声部的合唱与交响（小说第二部分以“你是我的”为主旋律的塞丝、宠儿、丹芙三人思绪错综交缠的一章，最具典型性），也使《宠儿》具备了一部伟大的复调小说作品的基本特征。