斯诺克论文格式

斯诺克论文格式

Snooker is a cue sport that is played on a large baize-covered table with pockets in each of the four corners and in the middle of each of the long side cushions. A regulation (full-size) table is 12 ft × 6 ft (3.6 m x 1.8 m). It is played using a cue, one white ball (the cue ball), 15 red balls (worth 1 point each) and 6 balls of different colours (worth 2–7 points each).[1] A player (or team) wins a frame (individual game) of snooker by scoring more points than the opponent(s), using the cue ball to pot the red and coloured balls. A match consists of a previously agreed-upon number of frames. Snooker is particularly popular in many of the English-speaking and Commonwealth countries,[2] and in China,[3] with the top professional players attaining multi-million pound career earnings from the game.[4]

The history and origins of the game of snooker are generally regarded as being in the latter half of the 19th century.[5] Billiards had been a popular activity amongst British Army officers stationed in India, and variations on the more traditional billiard games were devised. One variation, devised in the officers' mess in Jabalpur during 1874 [6] or 1875,[5] was to add coloured balls in addition to the reds and black which were used for pyramid pool and life pool.[7] The word "snooker" also has military origins, being a slang term for first year cadets or inexperienced personnel.[5] One version of events states that Colonel Sir Neville Chamberlain of the Devonshire regiment was playing this new game when his opponent failed to pot a ball and Chamberlain called him a "snooker".[7] It thus became attached to the billiards game now bearing its name as inexperienced players were labelled as snookers.[8]
The game grew in the latter half of the 19th century and the early 20th, and by 1927 the first World Snooker Championship[5] had been organised by Joe Davis who, as a professional English billiards and snooker player, helped move the game from a pastime activity into a more professional sphere.[9] Joe Davis won every world championship until 1946 when he retired. The game went into a decline through the 1950s and 1960s with little interest generated outside of those who played. Things saw some improvement when in 1969 the BBC commissioned the snooker tournament Pot Black to demonstrate the potential of colour television, with the green table and multi-coloured balls being ideal for showing off the advantages of colour broadcasting.[10] The TV series became a ratings success and was for a time the second most popular show on BBC Two.[11] Interest in the game increased and the 1978 World Championship was the first to be fully televised.[12] [2] The game quickly became a mainstream sport[13] in the UK, Ireland and much of the Commonwealth and has enjoyed much success in the last 30 years, with most of the ranking tournaments being televised. In recent years the loss of tobacco sponsorship has led to a decrease in the number of professional tournaments, however new sponsors have been sourced[14] and the popularity of the game in the Far East and China, with talent such as James Wattana and Ding Junhui, ensures that the future of the game looks secure.[15][16]

The object of the game is to score more points than the opponent by potting balls in a predefined order. At the start of a frame the balls are positioned as shown and the players take it in turns to hit a shot, their aim being to pot one of the red balls and score a point. If they do pot a red ball then the red remains in the pocket and they are allowed another shot - this time the aim being to pot one of the colours (points value, 2 points for the yellow, 3 for the green, 4 for the brown, 5 for the blue, 6 for the pink and 7 for the black). If successful, then they gain the value of the colour potted. It is returned to its correct position on the table and they must try to pot another red again. This process continues until they fail to pot the desired ball, at which point their opponent comes back to the table to play the next shot. The game continues in this manner until all the reds are potted and only the 6 colours are left on the table; at that point the aim is then to pot the colours in the above order. When a colour is potted in this phase of a frame, it remains off the table. When the final ball is potted, the game is over and the player with the most points wins.[1]
Points may also be scored in a game when a player's opponent fouls (see Snooker rules for full definitions). A foul can occur for numerous reasons, such as hitting one of the colours first when the player was attempting to hit a red, potting the cue ball, potting a colour when it was not "on" (i.e. the player was not attempting to pot it). The points gained from a foul by the players opponent can vary but will always be at least 4 points, and can be 5, 6 or 7 points if the colour ball of that value is fouled.[1]
One game, from the balls in their starting position until the last ball is potted, is called a frame. A match generally consists of a predefined number of frames and the player who wins the most frames wins the match overall. Most matches tend to consist of a relatively small number of frames, although longer matches exist to test all aspects of a player's game. The final of the World Championship, for example, is 35 frames in length (first to 18), and is played over two days.[17]

Other terminology used in snooker includes a player's "break", which refers to the total number of consecutive points a player has amassed (excluding fouls) when at one visit to the table. A player attaining a break of 15, for example, could have reached it by potting a red then a black, then a red then a pink - the player then missed the next red and so the break ended at 15 points. The traditional maximum break in snooker is to pot all reds with blacks then all colours without missing a pot, which would yield 147 points, often simply known as a "147" or a "maximum".[18] See also: Highest snooker breaks.

Accessories used for snooker include chalk for the tip of the cue, rests (often needed due to the length of a full-size table), a triangle to rack the reds, and a scoreboard. The principal drawback of snooker on a full-size table is the size of the room (22 ft x 16 ft) required to hold the large table with adequate room for cueing on all sides.[19] This limits the number of locations in which the game can easily be played. While pool tables are common to many pubs, snooker tends to be played either in private surroundings or in public snooker halls. The game can also be played on smaller tables using fewer red balls. The variants in table size are: 10' x 5', 9' x 4.5', 8' x 4', 6' x 3' (the smallest for realistic play) and 4' x 2'. Smaller tables can come in a variety of styles, such as fold away or dining-table convertible.

The World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association (WPBSA, also known as World Snooker), founded in 1968 as the Professional Billiard Players' Association,[20] is the governing body for the professional game. Its subsidiary, World Snooker, based in Bristol, England, organises the professional tour. Over the years the board of the WPBSA has changed many times, which some argue is an indication of in-fighting within the sport.[21] [22] [23] The amateur game is governed by the International Billiards and Snooker Federation (IBSF).[24]
Professional snooker players can play on the World Snooker ranking circuit. Ranking points, earned by players through their performances over the previous two seasons, determine the current world ranking.[25] A player's ranking determines what level of qualification they require for ranking tournaments. The elite of professional snooker is generally regarded at the "Top 16" ranking players,[26] who are not required to pre-qualify for any of the tournaments.[27]
The most important event in professional snooker is the World Championship,[28] held annually since 1927 (except during the Second World War and between 1958 and 1963). The tournament has been held at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield (England) since 1977, and was sponsored by Embassy from 1976 to 2005.[14] Because since 2005 tobacco companies are not allowed to sponsor sporting events in the United Kingdom, the World Snooker Championship had to find a new sponsor. It was announced in January 2006 that the 2006–2010 world championships would be sponsored by online casino [29]. The status of winning the World Championship is great, and it is the most highly valued prize in professional snooker,[30] both in terms of financial reward (£200,000 for the winner)[31] as well as prestige. The World Championship is televised extensively in the UK by the BBC[32] and gains significant coverage in Europe on Eurosport[33] and in the Far East.
The group of tournaments that come next in importance are the ranking tournaments. Players in these tournaments score world ranking points. A high ranking ensures qualification for next year's tournaments, invitations to invitational tournaments and an advantageous draw in tournaments.[26] Third in line are the invitational tournaments, to which most of the highest ranked players are invited. The most important tournament in this category is The Masters,[34] which to most players is the second or third most sought-after prize.[35]
In an attempt to answer criticisms that televised matches can be slow or get bogged down in lengthy safety exchanges and that long matches causes problems for advertisers,[36] an alternative series of timed tournaments has been organised by Matchroom Sport Chairman Barry Hearn. The shot-timed Betfred Premier League was established, with the top eight players in the world invited to compete at regular United Kingdom venues, televised on Sky Sports. Players have twenty-five seconds to take each shot, with a small number of time-outs per player. While some success has been achieved with this format it generally does not receive the same amount of press attention or status as the regular ranking tournaments.
There are also other tournaments that have less importance, do not earn world ranking points and are not televised. These can change on a year-to-year basis depending on calendars and sponsors. Currently the Pontin’s International Open Series[37] is organised as one of these additional tournament series by World Snooker.

In the professional era that began with Joe Davis in the 1930s and continues up until the present day, a relatively small number of players have succeeded at the top level.[38] The most notable are those who have had the ability to win ranking tournaments consistently and perform at the highest level. In the modern era the financial rewards for reaching these high levels are significant, with career earnings in the multi-million pound territory for the top professionals.[4] Reaching and maintaining a place amongst the snooker elite is a tough task, with the standards of the game being such that it requires many years of dedication and effort as well as natural ability.[39]
Certain players have tended to dominate the game through the decades. Ray Reardon is generally regarded as the principal player through the 1970s, Steve Davis through the 1980s and Stephen Hendry through the 1990s, winning 6, 6 and 7 World Championships respectively. In the 2000s no one player has dominated; however, at the beginning of the 2000s, Mark Williams and Ronnie O'Sullivan won 4 of the first 5 world championships, but have so far been unable to continue winning towards the end of the decade.[40]

我想问几个关于斯诺克的问题

英式斯诺克共有22个球，球的直径为5.25cm，每个球的质量为145g;球的体积 V=4/3*3.14*（5.25/2）^3=75.728 球的平均密度为 145/75.728=1.912
桌面的摩擦因数 0.025
库边内沿尺寸为 2.84m X 1.42m，允许误差 5mm 库边包括木边和橡胶边的宽度为 12.5cm，允许误差 1cm。
附：
标准球台 ..a、面积：库边内部尺寸为 3569mm x 1778mm，允许误差±13mm ..b、高度：地面到库边顶端高度为 851mm 至 876mm ..c、袋口：规则里只规定了袋口的位置，且说明袋口形状需要符合WPBSA标准。因为有弧度，很难用文字描述出来。实际操作时，有一个专门的袋口测量仪，把那个东西放在袋口里边看合不合得上。 ..d、点位，台面的划线就不写出来了，规则里有。其它摩擦系数、库边弹性、光照强度、温度、湿度等也有相关的规范，但相对不那么严谨，比赛前用专门的仪器进行测量。 球 ..尺寸：直径52.5mm，允许误差±0.05mm ..重量：规则里只规定了同一副球之间的最大允许误差是3g 3、球杆 只规定长度不得少于914mm，以其形状需要符合常规。

经历磨难才能成功作文1000字_成功与磨难的议论文1000字(2)

前不久我们学了一篇叫做《落难的王子》的课文。它是寓言的体裁，很短小，但是精悍，或许寓言都是这样，短小的内容却总是能告诉我们一个深刻的道理。

这篇 文章 讲的是一个多愁善感的王子，他只要一听到那些悲惨的 故事 ，就流着泪叹息道：“天哪，太可怕了!这事落在我头上，我可受不了!”但是，当他后来受到了很多磨难，现在已经成为残废，靠行乞度日的时候，遇到了作者，他将故事告诉了作者，当作者听说后，对他说出了一句王子以前说过的同样的话：“天哪，太可怕了!这事落在我头上，我可受不了!”可是，那个王子对作者说出了一句让我们深思的话：“先生，别这么说，凡是人间的灾难，无论落到谁头上，谁都得受着，而且都受得了——只要他不死，至于死，就更是一件容易的事了。”

是呀，记得有一位大师说过：“我除了双目失明，什么都受的了。”可是当他晚年的时候，他真的双目使命了，别人问他，他说：“年轻时以为失明是最痛苦的，可现在看来，其实也没什么。”确实，有的人多灾多难，很辛苦，但是，上帝是公平的，它为你关上门的同时会给你打开一扇窗户，而那扇窗户就是坚强。人间的各种磨难能使人变的坚强，一块尖锐的石头在地上当然不能像轮子一样滚动，但当它被风霜磨平时，就算面对挫折，也会能从容面对。

只有经历过磨难，才能获得成功，记得朋友跟我说过一个他自己的故事：“我当时特别喜欢画画，并且已经在当地初露头角，所以和邻居家的小孩一起参加一个省级的美术比赛，经过一路的过关斩将，我终于获得进入决赛的资格。但那时我已经筋疲力尽了，当得知决赛在石家庄举行时，我选择了放弃。而那个邻居家的小男孩却坚定的走上了同往石家庄的车。我知道他有严重的晕车，后来听他妈妈讲，他在车上吐的昏天黑地，到了赛场却还硬撑着。我很不解。最后，我终究没有在美术这条道上得到什么成就。而他却考上了北京美院。”当时看朋友一脸无奈的笑，是啊，那个男孩虽然经历了许多磨难，但是他最后却收到了回报，一分耕耘，一分收获，世界是公平的。

其实，我们并不要以为只有经历了磨难才能战胜脆弱。就算落难，也不一定会战胜落魄，振作起来。就算没有落难，也不会改变现有的一蹶不振。不经历磨难也一样可以变得坚强，一件小事其实就能磨练一个人，比如运动会上的 长跑 ，有的人到最后都跑不动了，死撑着却还坚持跑完全程，这不就是一种可贵的精神吗?他们比起那些放弃了的人，就更值得人们尊敬。

从这篇不足三百个字的文章里，却让我体会到了这么多深刻的另人内省的道理，果然，浓缩才是精华。

“宝剑锋从磨砺出，梅花自苦寒来。”宝剑只有经过锤打磨炼才会有削铁如泥的锋利，梅花只有经历过严冬的寒冷才会散发出诱人的芬芳。而我们人又何尝不是一样?人生就像宝剑和梅花一样需要经过无数次的磨炼。

有人说：人生就像一场旅行。那么，我想这场旅行中一定会有许多未知的困难等着我们去挑战。在这个过程中，也许我们会被一些困难所打败，有的人会选择放弃，而有的人绝不屈服，即使失败，也不轻言放弃，一次次失败，一次次重来，这就造就了两种截然不同的人生。选择放弃的人，是的，他们不会失败，因为他们连失败的机会都没有，但同时他们也失去了成功的机会。而不屈服于困难的人即使没有成功，但他们至少努力过，奋斗过，经受过困难的磨炼，造就他们更为顽强的意志，这何尝不是另一种意义上的成功?

漫漫人生路，不可能总是一帆风顺。大海，只有经历过波涛汹涌才叫雄浑;大树只有经历过风吹雨打才叫挺拔;人生只有经历过种种磨难才叫完整。但是人们都希望生活中的磨难能少一点，漫漫人生路能好走一点，这也是人之常情，谁愿意承受失败的痛苦?谁愿意接受磨难的折磨呢?谁不愿意每天都开开心心，做什么事都称心如意呢?是的，我们都想，但是有些困难又不可能避免，于是我们就常常报怨：为什么我们每天有做不完的作业，为什么我们每天只能睡六七个小时，为什么我们不能做我们想做的事……这样的报怨不会起任何作用，我们还是每天过着一样的生活。既然无法改变，还不如乐意接受。

我们都想得到快乐，其实，困难并不代表着会让我们不快乐，这两者之间是不存在矛盾的。相反，当我们战胜困难之后，会收获到很多的快乐。这将是我们人生中一笔宝贵的财富，当我们满头白发的时候，回忆起往事，我们会感到无比的欣慰和满足。

但是，一个人究竟要经过多少次的磨难才能成功呢?我们总报怨生活给我们的磨难太多，人生之路太曲折、坎坷。但是，没有谁的人生是十全十美的。古往今来，哪一个伟人没有经历过种种磨难呢?正是因为他们经历的磨难比我们多，付出的努力比我们多，才成就了一代伟人。如果我们平平淡淡地过完一生，来人间跑一个空趟，又有什么意义呢?

钢铁是怎样炼成的，是经过无数次的打磨，正如保尔那坎坷的一生，才练就了他钢铁般的意志。磨难可以让一个骄傲的人变得谦虚;可以让一个幼稚的人变得成熟;可以让一个愚昧的人变得聪明。年少轻狂的我们锋芒毕露，生活中的磨难一次次地打磨了我们的棱角，让我们锋芒渐收，心平气和。

一个真正的强者，不是他的实力有多强，而是内心的强大。真的猛士，敢于直面惨淡的人生，敢于正视淋漓的鲜血。当我们真的强大到面对生活的磨难毫不畏惧的时候，我们会享受那个过程，这是上天给予我们的恩赐。天将大任于斯人也，必先苦其心志，劳其筋骨，饿其体肤，空乏其身，行拂乱其所为。没有经历过刳骨剔肉的痛苦，又怎会得到心灵上的幸福。

我想我终于可以微笑着面对生活给的磨难了，经历越多，收获越多。我不想成为一个不堪一击的弱者，我不想到老时可悲到连一点美好的回忆都没有，我想成为一个内心真正强大的人。我不羡慕那些生活中的成功者，因为我相信只要我努力，我也可以做到。面对生活给的磨难，我只想说一句：让暴风雨来得更猛烈些吧!

上帝既造就天才，也造就傻瓜，这不取决于天赋，完全是个人努力程度不同的结果。

其实，一个人的一生都该是一个受难的过程，只有这样，生命的光彩才会得以焕发，人生才会有价值。海明威说过：“丧钟为谁而鸣?丧钟为所有人而鸣!”一个人只有濒临绝境，生命的潜能才会爆发。

海伦·凯勒，美国残障 教育 家，她在出生19个月的时候被猩红热夺去了视力、说话和听力。在这黑暗而又寂寞的世界里，她并没有放弃，而是自强不息，海伦学会用顽强的毅力克服生理缺陷所造成的精神痛苦。她热爱生活并从中得到许多知识，学会了读书和说话，并开始和其他人沟通。以优异的成绩 毕业 于哈佛大学，成为一个学识渊博，掌握英、法、德、拉丁、希腊五种文字的着名作家和教育家。她走遍世界各地，为盲人学校募集资金，把自己的一生献给了盲人福利和教育事业;因为磨难，失聪的贝多芬奏出了脍炙人口的《命运交响曲》;因为磨难，瘫痪的霍金谱出了辉煌的《时间简史》;因为磨难，屈原唱出了千古绝唱之“无韵离骚”。

挫折不同于失败，它是成功与失败的连接点，具有两面性，有利有弊。正如巴尔扎克所说的那样：世界上的事情永远不是绝对的，结果完全因人而异。苦难对于天才是一块垫脚石，对于能干的人是一笔财富。对于弱者是一个万丈深渊;挫折能造就强者，也能吞噬弱者。少年英才丁俊辉虽然创造了 台球 史上一个美丽的童话，但是这个童话是他用曾经的努力和失败写来的，在成功的光环下有一道淡化的灰暗。

我们要有不畏挫折的气概。在受到挫折后，决不心灰意冷，冷静分析原因，逐步培养我们承受挫折的能力。____就是这样一个人，他曾经说过：“不管前面是地雷阵，还是万丈深渊，我都将一往直前，义无返顾，鞠躬尽瘁，死而后已。”他就是因为有了这样不畏挫折的气概，才成就了一番事业。同时，要冷静地对待挫折，挫折对人是一种打击，也是一种磨练。当你经历挫折后，应该冷静地分析挫折产生的原因，把挫折看成是对自己的一次考验，一个磨砺的机会，正是这样，在斯诺克的故乡英国丁军徽再次夺得冠军，让世人震惊。

偶然，在晴朗的日子会出现彩虹，但颜色却单调淡薄而又模糊，只是那经历了狂风暴雨后，挂在天空的，才是最多彩，最诱人的彩虹，生活也如此，只是我们经历了大大小小的挫折之后，才会逐渐变得成熟，才会发现周围的世界如此精彩，生活如此美好!

冰冻三尺非一日之寒。

黑龙江铁力市桃山中学初二：rzs圣尊

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