cmm研究论文

cmm研究论文

信息系统项目管理师论文范例5：利用CMM保证软件质量
【 摘要】

本文论述了如何在一个规模较大的网上管理系统的开发中结合CMM二级的框架要求，以及软件工程学的质量保证策略进行项目的软件质量保证工作．
本项目的特点有：
( 1 ）开发人员多，有40人左右；
( 2 ）采用面向对象分析与建模技术，JAVA语言，WebLogic应用服务器等以前项目中未采用过的开发模式和技术．因此不确定性因素很多，急需采用有效的质量保证策略．公司为了提高软件开发能力，已经于近期全面引入了当今软件界正在流行、且行之有效的CMM质量保证体系，并在顾问公司和主评审员的帮助下，由公司的SEPG结合公司实际，制定了初步的规范体系和模板文件，并决定将本项目作为试点项目．
本文详细论述了作为SEPG 负责人之一，并且担任本项目质量保证人员的笔者，是如何在本项目中有效推行CMM二级质量保证措施的，并指出了其中的经验教训和有关的建议．

【 正文】

本项目是一个面向政府管理部门，全市房地产企业和个人用户的网上管理系统，它既是一个电子商务项目，又是一个电子政务项目．本系统采用了B / S 结构，融合了政府部门和房地产企业的内部网上管理系统于一身，同时作为全国建设系统信息化的一部分而实现Inter-net平台上的上下集成．它还提供信息发布、房屋交易等电子商务功能。
本项目对系统的安全以及可靠性等方面有着较高要求，公司决定采用三层架构模式的J2EE环境作为运行环境．另外，本项目参与人员众多，面临看新技术、工期紧等影响软件质量的不利因素，对软件质量保证工作提出了很高的要求．本人作为公司CMM实施工作的负责人之一，以质量保证人员的角色参与到项目的开发和管理工作中，主要负责质量保证策略的建立以及实施工作．

一、以CMM二级理论为指导，采取措施保证开发过程与开发规范的符合性，以过程质量的提高来保证产品的高质量

1、建立起明确的权责制度，减少因权责不明而产生的混乱

为确保质量保证人员有独立的途径向公司反映开发中的问题，同时为了避免质保经理与项目经理、软件配置经理之间过分隔阂，本人在项目启动阶段，起草了《项目管理人员责任书》，并由相关人员评审通过；并提议公司设立了高级经理交涉，以快速处理纠纷．为防止开发人员与项目管理人员在规范化开发过程中过度依赖规范而主动性不高，以及可能产生的相互埋怨，制定并实施了《项目开发人员守则》，由各项目级每个成员在参加项目之初进行签名式确认，以解决开发过程中应规范滞后和实施不力而引起的混乱问题．

2、以制定的《质量保证计划》为纲，全程监控各开发工作的过程建立和符合性问题

在项目启动阶段，就依据CMM二级要求和公司发布的项目开发规范，制定并基线化《XX项目质量保证计划书》，在计划书中详细地制定了质量保证工作的内容和进度安排。

计划书中主要有职责、培训工作、检查评审及组织工作等四方面的内容．

职责方面详细说明本人作为质量保证人员在项目中的全责以及主要活动，澄清了与各开发角色的关系，主要起到项目成员监督质量保证人员的作用．

培训方面指明了为有效推行CMM质量体系而进行的有关培训，有CMM基础理论方面的，也有本项目特色的规范方面的培训内容。

检查评审方面指出了要检查评审的过程及提交产品，并列举了相应的通过准则，即CHECK-LIST．比如要评审的过程有项目规划阶段；检查项目经理和配置经理是否按有关规范制定了各自的计划书；项目组的技术评审活动是否符合评流程和规范；风险分析过程和任务分解过程是否符合规范的执行．对提交的工作产品，如需求文档和设计文档，是否经过了正式技术评审并基线化．这些都指明了切入时间和建议人员．

组织工作方面指明QA（质保人员的简称）在开发过程要做的组织工作，如技术评审工作、测试工作、估计和工作细分等工作．这些组织工作主要是为了协助项目经理开展工作并能有效且及时地获得第一手质量方面的资料．
对项目开发过程中的跟踪和检查，主要采取了现场参与、分析项目成员日报和周报、个别交流以及项目周例会的形式．

二、以RUPCN和软件工程方面的理论为指导．制订了行之有效的技术规范文件

CMM质量体系更多的关注软件开发过程方面的事情，也就是建义由谁在什么时候做哪些工作，但没有指明各个工作如何开展，也就是偏重于管理，偏轻于技术指导．为了避免在框架方面很有效，但应实现细节不明确而出现的“一条腿走路”的现象，特在项目启动之初就制定了要建立的技术规范，如需求文档编写指南、界面设计规范等．这些都列入QA的计划中了．考虑到本项目采用了面向对象的分析和设计技术，急需UML和Rose技术方面的指导性文档，因此将与UML高度相关的RUPCN体系为主要参考，其他软件工程理论为辅助参考，组织资源开发人员制定了各个开发阶段的规范性和指导性文档．

实践证明，项目组成员有了CMM过程方面的规范，又有了指导开发工作的详细技术文档后，开发质量有了质的提高．主要体现在以下几点：

1、各个过程的效率提高了，从而保证了各个交互成功的质量．

比如，人员的选择，时间的必备，开展的流程方面真正按照CMM的建议做了，这些都保证了开发过程的高效．一个显著的例子就是技术评审过程．如果选择的人员资格不够，所花的评审时间很少，开展的时机不对，就很难保证提交成果的质量．

2、人员之间的交流变得有效，自信心更强了．

三、不足亟待改进之处

由于是初次按照CMM的要求在项目中实践QA工作，因此不可避免地有一些不足之处，主要有：

．因培训工作的不及时、不全面，导致QA实施工作遇到了一些麻烦．
．度量数据的收集和分析工作做得还不够．仅仅有少量的度量数据，分析工作也很少．总的原因是缺少一个有效的度量数据收集和分析机制．

总之，这次项目的质量保证工作基本达到了CMM二级的框架要求，证明了过程质量是产品质量的重要因素，为本项目顺利地、高质量地完成做出很大的贡献．但也有很多教训值得吸取，需要在培训工作和QA度量数据收集和利用方面下更大气力．

测量毕业论文怎么写？

曲面测量方法研究及测量仿真

摘要 3-4
ABSTRACT 4-5
第一章 绪论 9-15
1.1 引言 9
1.2 曲面测量方法 9-11
1.3 国内外研究现状 11-13
1.3.1 已知CAD 模型的曲面测量研究现状 11
1.3.2 未知CAD 模型的曲面测量研究现状 11-12
1.3.3 测量仿真研究现状 12-13
1.4 课题背景及主要研究内容 13-15
1.4.1 选题背景 13-14
1.4.2 论文主要研究内容 14-15
第二章 CMM 测量曲面技术研究 15-27
2.1 引言 15
2.2 CMM 测量软件 15-16
2.3 曲面的CMM 测量方式 16-19
2.3.1 点位触发式 16-17
2.3.2 连续扫描式 17-18
2.3.3 编程方式 18-19
2.4 曲面测量路径规划 19-23
2.4.1 测量路径的设计原则 19-21
2.4.2 曲面测量路径规划策略 21-23
2.5 测头半径补偿 23-25
2.6 测量误差评定 25-26
2.6.1 点位测量下的测量误差评定 25-26
2.6.2 扫描测量下的测量误差评定 26
2.7 本章小结 26-27
第三章 CMM 测量曲面误差分析及减小方法 27-47
3.1 引言 27
3.2 机器误差对测量误差的影响 27-33
3.2.1 静态误差 27-30
3.2.2 动态误差 30
3.2.3 机器误差补偿 30-33
3.3 工件坐标系的建立对测量误差的影响 33-38
3.3.1 产生工件坐标系建立误差的原因 34
3.3.2 常用的工件坐标系建立方法 34-36
3.3.3 不同方法下的测量误差比较 36-37
3.3.4 减小工件坐标系建立误差的方法 37-38
3.4 测量规划对测量误差的影响 38-42
3.4.1 沿法矢量规划测量路径 39
3.4.2 通过数学模型求测点矢量 39-42
3.5 测头半径补偿对测量误差的影响 42-44
3.5.1 测头的选择 42-43
3.5.2 测头半径补偿误差 43-44
3.6 测量人员操作水平对测量误差的影响 44-46
3.6.1 手动测量误差 44
3.6.2 实现三坐标自动测量 44-46
3.7 本章小节 46-47
第四章 已知CAD 模型的曲面测量及仿真 47-71
4.1 引言 47
4.2 三平面法与最小二乘法建立工件坐标系 47-52
4.2.1 工件坐标系建立过程 47-49
4.2.2 叶片检测中工件坐标系的建立 49-52
4.3 测点自适应分布 52-57
4.3.1 测点数确定 52-54
4.3.2 曲率差值法实现测点自适应分布 54-56
4.3.3 直线夹角法实现测点自适应分布 56-57
4.4 沿矢量方向进行路径规划与半径补偿 57-59
4.4.1 沿矢量方向规划测量路径 58
4.4.2 沿矢量方向补偿测头半径 58-59
4.5 测量仿真 59-70
4.5.1 仿真方法研究 60
4.5.2 最小二乘法实现初始坐标系的变换 60-62
4.5.3 实现测点自适应分布 62-65
4.5.4 测量路径仿真检验 65-66
4.5.5 避障点设置 66-67
4.5.6 DMIS 程序生成 67-68
4.5.7 三坐标测量数据读取 68-69
4.5.8 测量误差评定 69-70
4.6 本章小结 70-71

工厂自动化及应用工程研究工程硕士论文

工厂自动化方面的论文在 轻风论文网 很多的哦，你可以参考下，如果还有不清楚的地方，可以咨询下他们的 在线辅导老师，我之前也是求助他们帮忙的，很快就给我了，当时还是 轻风论文的王老师帮忙的，态度不错，呵呵，相对于一些小机构和个人要靠谱的多.

这里还有些 资料，你参考下.

CAD/CAM与CMM系统集成方法的研究

现代的工厂自动化—— 柔性自动促使检测技术 朝着高效和智能化的方向 发展。三坐标测量机作为一种现代检测设备，具有适应现代工厂自动化 的潜力，目前主要是提高其通用性和效率，使其对各种不同的工件 具有灵活的 应变性和高效的检测。传统的三坐标机检测技术是由 人工识别检测项目后，让三坐 标机自学习或根据设计图纸由人工输入测量程序 ，这样不但繁琐、效率低，而且工件 更换，又得重复劳动。目前各种计算 机辅助设计——CAD系统越来越完善，功能不断增强，设计者 使用起来越来越方便，而且CAD／CAH技术发展很快，在制 造业中成功地获得越来越广泛的应用，这就为CAD与三 坐标机的集成提供了条件和参照。基 于现代工业对检测技术新的要求和CAD／CAH技 术的发展，根据三坐标机本身的特点，我们 提供了设计——检测一体化的思路，同时也可用于工程反逆：测量得到的结果，可直接为设计提供数据。即实现CAD／CMM或CM M／CAD的集成，使三坐标机成为一个智能 化系统。在整个集 成过程中它们之间的通讯是很重要的部分，却也是 个瓶颈问题，阻碍着彼此优势互补。本文在 分析了各种CAD软件及其与外界接口的性能的基础 上，结合目前的 三坐标机检测标准，决定以目前国内流行的微机辅助设计系统AutoCAD、三维实 体造型软件UG、Solidage等为设计工具，其数据交换格式——IGES标准为中介，开发CAD与 CMM和CMM与CAD的接口系统，以 实现CAD与CMM自动测量系统的集成，实现CMM 与CAD的数据传 输。这样就使提高三坐标机 的测量效率和灵活适用性成为可能，可以说这 是三坐标检测技 术的一次全新的尝试。 本论文主要工作 是围绕CAD与三坐标测量机之间的数据通讯展开的。通 过读取IGES文件对实体进行分离、提 取、识别出对工件进行描述的原始信息。

你参考下这篇文章，或许对你有所帮助哦~

有什么不明白的上 轻风论文网看看吧.

急求一篇全英文的论文

帮你弄一篇吧
我选的是第二个题目

Information and communications technology to China

China has experienced rapid growth within the information and communications technology (ICT) industry over the past decade, and now plays a leading role in China’s economic development.

As a result of China’s ‘opening up’ policy and path of economic reform, China’s electronic communications industry has grown at three times the rate of GDP growth. In 2006, China’s electronic communications industry revenue reached RMB475 billion.

The total value of foreign trade reached US$651.7 billion representing over 15 per cent of the global electronics trade, with the output of many electronic products ranked first worldwide. These electronics products include:
• colour TVs
• mobile phone handsets
• computers
• electronic watches
• calculators
• DVDs
China’s accession into the World Trade Organization (WTO) provided a transitional period for opening up its telecom sector which lasted until November 2007. Consequently, this has assisted China to develop one of the largest open telecom markets in the world. The Value Added Services (VAS) sector is expected to contribute to this growth, as one of the hottest market entry sectors for foreign ICT companies.

Through the Ministry of Information Industry (MII), the Chinese Government administers foreign direct investment into the telecommunications sector. This includes basic infrastructure and value added services, however, with various restrictions on foreign ownership levels. From 1 December 2007, a new set of Categories of Foreign Investment Industry Guidance 2007 Amended Version has been implemented, superseding the previous version issued on 30 November 2004, and providing new levels of guidance on foreign direct investment in the various industry sectors.

To ensure China’s telecommunications market operates in a fair, transparent and effective competitive environment, China’s first Telecommunications Law has been drafted and is currently undergoing a process of public consultation before being enacted. This should provide further guidance and protection to both investors and operators, in addition to the various regulations currently in place.
With China entering its 11th Five Year Plan period, ICT has also moved from 'enabling and promoting' to 'strengthening industry integration and indigenous innovations'. The key focuses are to:
• Continue increasing overall integrated ICT service levels
• Increase and improve the development of ICT infrastructure
• Strengthen the indigenous innovation in core industries
• Focus on incubating strategic industry clusters
• Proactively promote the integrated development of all ICT sectors
• Strengthen the modernisation of post services
• Strengthen the administration of radio communications
• Increase the supportive capability of ICT infrastructure to the national economy
By 2010, the targeted penetration levels for fixed telecommunication in China is anticipated to reach 30 per cent of its population to one billion subscribers in operation (SIO), and 45 per cent penetration in mobile communications to 600 million SIOs. Internet users are anticipated to reach 200 million with 15 per cent penetration.
Telecommunications
Since the first wireless mobile phone base station was installed on 18 November 1987, China reached 531.4 million mobile SIOs at the end of October 2007. Therefore, China has the highest number of mobile phone subscribers in the world. The vast number of SIOs also generated 483.7 billion short message services (SMS). Due to China’s large population, mobile penetration in China is still considered low at 39.9 per cent when compared with most developed countries. This presents substantial growth opportunities for companies within the China market.

Fixed communications grew slightly lower than mobile communications with a total of 370 million SIOs, representing a 28.3 per cent penetration rate.

China has over 22,000 registered companies providing Value Added Services to the telecom sector. There are six major telecommunications operators in China:
• China Telecom
• China Mobile
• China Satellite Company
• China Unicom
• China Netcom
• China Railway Communications
Software and system integration
In 2006, the size of China’s domestic software market reached RMB480 billion. The total number of registered software companies increased to 15,723 with over 1.29 million people employed in the software industry. There were over 35 companies with a turnover exceeding RMB1 billion, and 51 companies with turnover in the range of RMB0.5–1 billion. Furthermore, more than 80 software companies had over 1,000 employees.

There are currently 38 companies with CMM5 (Capability Maturity Model For Software) certifications, the highest level of an internationally recognized certification program for software companies. In addition, 23 companies achieved CMM4 certifications and over 200 companies were awarded CMM3 certifications. The increasing number of Chinese software companies seeking and achieving CMM certification demonstrates their enhanced software development capabilities and overall product quality to compete in the global market.
Internet
Since China sent out the first email 'Across the Great Wall we can reach every corner in the world' on 20 September 1987, the diffusion of the Internet in China has grown in parallel with the development and expansion of the overall telecom infrastructure. China has become the world’s second largest Internet user country with an estimated 162 million users behind the US with 211 million users. In addition, at the end of June 2007, China had 67 million Internet connected computers and over 1.3 million websites. The total bandwidth to the world reached 312,346Mbps with annual growth rate of 45.8 per cent.

Although China’s Internet industry has achieved significant growth, the penetration is still very low at 12.3 per cent, as compared with the global average of 17.6 per cent. There is clear 'unequitable' access to the Internet between urban and rural areas with 21.6 per cent as compared to 5.1 per cent respectively.

ADSL, dial-Up and wireless (including mobile phone access) are the three key access methods of accessing the Internet in China. Broadband SIOs have grown very quickly. As at December 2007, broadband users reached 122 million, the largest user country in the world, with a penetration rate of 17.5 per cent. In 2007, 30 per cent of the new broadband users were from rural areas. In addition, there are also 20.2 million dial-Up users.

The key applications for Internet users in China are searching for news, instant messaging, and entertainment (music, video and games). There has been a growing trend of e-commerce related activities including net-shopping, travel booking, online stock market trading and banking. It is expected e-commerce related applications and services will become one of the key growth areas in the future.

Although there has been increasing trend of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Internet- related infrastructure, applications and services such as Internet Service Providers (ISPs), Application Service Provider (ASPs), and Internet Content Provider (ICPs) are yet to open up to foreign providers, and there are strict content management and approval processes in place to ensure that the Internet is used to enhance social responsibility and harmony.

The challenges facing China’s Internet industry include:
• Equitable access to the Internet between urban and rural areas to break the 'digital divide'.
• Level of information and technology knowledge among small to medium enterprises.
• Overall quality and applications of the Internet, to improve the productivity and be more competitive on the global market.
• Integration of information and communication technologies within all industry sectors.
Opportunities
The development of China’s ICT industry provides opportunities in a number of areas, which include the following:
• Telecommunications infrastructure
o 3G/4G wireless communications
o IP based technologies
o Rural telecommunications
o Network integration and billing
• Value Added Services
o e-Learning
o Entertainment
o Mobile applications
• E-Commerce
o Online payment and mobile payment
o e-Security
o Integrated logistics application and management
• Industry application
o Telematics
o Remote metering
o Geo-spatial application
o Environment and clean technology applications
o Finance and banking
o Security
o Digital content
• New Technologies and applications and materials
o IPTV
o New digital audio systems
o Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
o Nanotechnologies
o Energy efficiency materials
Tariffs, regulations and customs
Tariffs for ICT products and services vary depending on the category classification and what level of Chinese indigenous component is included. Certain ICT products exported to China are subject to China Compulsory Certification, known as 3CCC certification.

As a result of China's commitments for accession into the WTO, China has applied zero tariffs to 256 categories of ICT products. To determine the exact category and the level of tariffs applied, if any, it is recommended that experienced customs brokers specialised in ICT products are consulted.
Marketing your products and services
Market entry
Depending upon your company’s situation and strategic direction, there are various vehicles that can be utilised for entry into the Chinese ICT market. These include:
• Wholly owned foreign enterprises (WOFEs)
• Joint ventures (JVs)
• Value added resellers (VARs)
• Distributors
A new and emerging type of entry vehicle, Virtual Entry, has been utilised by many small and medium (SME) companies. A Chinese domain name is registered with all the content translated into the local language, however, operations are conducted offshore in the home country. Each vehicle requires a different set of requirements and investment strategies.

The Chinese Government’s aim is to become more transparent in awarding large projects. A public tender is normally published via media inviting Expression of Interests from interested and suitable companies. In some circumstances, foreign companies find it useful to form a partnership with suitable local companies to promote awareness of their capabilities. Establishing good relationships with key stakeholders are vital so that a company can be in a better position to access information and prepare a submission. However, many other projects are done via local network. In these circumstances it is often necessary to work with a local partner with a similar industry capability and background.

If your products or applications do not require local modification and are 'plug and play', you may sell your products and services via a local distributor. This can occur once customs import procedure is cleared and passes through relevant network-access tests if applicable.

If your products and applications require localisation, translation, further development and local integration, then a local service integrator needs to be engaged. This can be done via a joint venture partner or a service contractor, prior to selling to the end users, especially in financial and other sensitive categories.

In most of the cases, except games and English language learning applications, it is most likely that your products and applications will have to be 'localised' to suit the local market environment. This is especially important for accounting, intelligent transportation systems, finance and banking, and security applications.

Registration of a company is relatively easy in China once you meet all the requirements. Different company structures require different start-up capital funding. There can be regional variations to company registration requirements. It is recommended that you research well and consult widely before making a final investment decision.

刚才算了一下，大概是1700多字