欢迎来到学术参考网
当前位置:发表论文>论文发表

mla学位论文

发布时间:2023-03-02 09:39

mla学位论文

只在定义有所区别。

1、GB/T 7714:(我国)国家标准的代号由大写汉语拼音字母构成。 强制性国家标准的代号为"GB",推荐性国家标准的代号为"GB/T"。 国家标准的编号由国家标准的代号、国家标准发布的顺序号和国家标准发布的年号(即发布年份的后两位数字)构成。示例: GB×××× GB/T××××。

2、APA格式是一个为广泛接受的研究论文撰写格式,特别针对社会科学领域的研究,规范学术文献的引用和参考文献的撰写方法,以及表格、图表、注脚和附录的编排方式。

3、MLA(Modern Language Association)偏重人文学科,是一种常用的引用格式,为美国现代语言协会制定的论文指导格式,在一般书写英语论文时应当使用MLA格式来保证学术著作的完整。MLA格式(The MLA Style Manual),主要被应用在人文学科,如文学、比较文学、文学批评和文化研究。

在使用MLA格式的时候要注意,MLA与其他一般论文的格式有很大的差别,具体如下:

- MLA格式要使用双倍行距

- MLA格式每个段落首行需要缩进一个“Tab”的长度

- MLA格式段落与段落之间不留空行

- MLA格式需要在论文每一页的右上角标注Last Name和页码,如“Amy 3”

- MLA格式的论文的基本结构为:

- 前4行左对齐,依次为:学生姓名,任课老师姓名,课程号,写作日期

- 第5行居中书写论文名

- 第6行开始为正文(包括多个段落,即引言Introduction,主体Body,结论Conclusion)

如果大家在正文中想要使用子标题的话需要注意:

①子标题要使用跟正文的字体风格不同的表现方法(比如使用另一种字体或者子标题全部大写、斜体);

②子标题前需要留一行空格的距离;

③子标题之后的第一段要顶格书写,不要留空

注意:Conclusion段的写作也要按照子标题的书写方法来写,也就是Conclusion标题前需要留空一行,之后的第一段照样也需要顶格书写。但是前面的Introduction部分却不需要各行留空标注出来。

参考资料:百度百科-参考文献标准格式

参考文献MLA格式

参考文献MLA格式

借用他人的思想,引用他人的话在写论文时不可避免,这个时候我们就要写参考文献,下面是我给大家带来的参考文献MLA格式,希望能帮到大家!

参考文献MLA格式

一、 引文的格式

引文的格式可采用文中夹注、脚注和尾注的形式。MLA和APA格式不采用脚注或尾注,而使用文中夹注的形式,MLA格式要求标明作者的姓和页数,它们之间没有逗号。APA要求括号里标明作者姓名、出版日期,引文的其他信息可在参考文献中找到。

1 文中夹注(Parenthetical Citation)

1)引文较短时,要用双引号括起来,引文与正文融为一体。如果作者已在文中出现,注释中就不再列作者的名字。

Hosenfeld found that unsuccessful readers could be taught the lexical strategies of successful readers, confirming Wenden’s observation that“ineffective learners are inactive learners. Their apparent inability to learn is, in fact, due to their not having an appropriate repertoire of learning strategies.”(1985:7)

2)当引文较长时(四行或超过四行),引文要另起一段,缩进五个空格,不用引号。

Results supported the notion that learners can be taught to use more effective learning strategies:

Strategies training was successfully demonstrated in a natural teaching environment with second language listening and speaking tasks. This indicates that classroom instructions on learning strategies with integrative language skills can facilitate learning(O’Malley et al 1985a: 577).

3)多个作者在第二次被提到时可用第一个作者的姓加et al.

Finally, information type is based on contrasts such as concrete-abstract, static-dynamic, contextualized-decontextualized(Brown et al.1978).

4)引文是翻译材料时要注明最初出版时间和翻译时间。

This is not a recent discovery. More than a hundred years ago, the neo-grammarians Hermann Osthoff and Karl Brugman described such a situation very well:

When serious attempts at upset are directed against a procedure that one is used to and with which one feels comfortable, one is always more readily stimulated to ward off the disturbance than to undertake a thorough revision and possible alteration of the accustomed procedure.

(Osthoff and Brugman 1878(1967):204)

2 脚注(Footnotes)

脚注写在该页最后一行下面数四行的位置。如果该页有两个以上的.脚注,脚注之间需要隔行。在正文中的引语(直接或间接)处的上方标上阿拉伯数字,脚注也标上相应的数字。注释要包括作者姓名、书名、出版地、出版社、出版时间及页码。

1. The materials used in the class consisted of two texts-a vocabulary building text and an advanced reading text-and the SRA Kit2

2. SRA Reading Laboratory is a set of materials for students in grades 9 to 12. The kit contains multilevel individualized learning materials focusing on reading and study skills.

3. 尾注(Endnotes)

尾注要另起一页,放在该章的最后一页,标上Notes,隔行打印。引语处的上方要标上阿拉伯数字,尾注也同样标出相应的数字。

Notes

1. Emily Bronte(Ellis Bell, pseud.), Wuthering Heights(London, 1850).

2. E. Nwezeh, “The Comparative Approach To Modern African Literature,”Yearbook of General and Comparative Literature, no. 28(1979):22.

二、 参考文献(Bibliography)

APA格式建议使用references一词。当使用references时,列出的作者和作品一定是在文中提到过的。Bibliography可包括文中提到的作者或作品,也包括相关的阅读的材料。MLA形式要求用List of Works Cited。

参考文献的条目要按字母顺序排列,不用阿拉伯数字标示。隔行打印。每个条目要从左开始,同属一个作者时,后面几行要缩进三个空格。

书目的写法包括四项:作者、日期、书名和出版社。作者项里先写出作者的姓,名字用首字母,名和姓间用逗号隔开。如果超过两个作者,最后一个作者前用&,所有的作者的姓和名都要颠倒。

APA形式把日期放在名后,其前后都有句号。书名的第一个字母要大写,用斜体或下划线。如果有小标题,用冒号把大标题和小标题隔开。

Krashen, S. 1982. Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Pergamon.

Lenneberg, E. 1967. Biological Foundations of Language Teaching. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

MLA也包括这四项,只是顺序不同。它的时间放在后面。当有两个以上的作者时,只颠倒第一个作者的名字。

Cisneros, Sandra. Woman Hollering Creek. New York: Random, 1991.

Barlett, Donald L., and James B. Steele. Forevermore: Nuclear Waste in America. New York: Norton, 1985

在标注杂志或期刊时,注明年月,年在前,月在后,由逗号隔开。月份要求会拼。标题的第一个字母要大写,用单引号。还要提供具体的页数。

Gregg, K. R. 1984. ’Krashen’s monitor and Occam’s razor.’ TESOL Quarterly 20:116-22

Jacobson, W. 1987.’ An assessment of the communication needs of non-native speakers of English in an undergraduate physics lab.’ ESP Journal 5:173-88.

Johnson, K. 1983.’ Syllabus design: possible future trends’ in K. Johnson and D. Porter(eds.): Perspectives in Communicative Language Teaching. New York: Academic Press. (论文集中的一篇)

MLA形式要求标题的所有词的首字母大写。

摘引报纸:

Greene, Bob.“What’s Bad For General Motors?”. Chicago Tribune 24 December, 1991:2.1(MLA格式)

参考文献格式

(1)期刊文章(文献类型标识:j)[序号] 主要责任者。题名[j]。刊名,年,卷(期):起止页码(任选)。

(2)专著(文献类型标识:m)[序号] 主要责任者。题名[m]。出版地:出版者,出版年,起止页码。

(3)论文集(文献类型标识:c)中析出的文献(文献类型标识:a)[序号] 析出文献主要责任者。析出文献题名[a]。论文集主要责任者(任选)。论文集题名[c]。出版地:出版者,出版年,析出文献起止页码。

(4)学位论文(文献类型标识:d)[序号] 主要责任者。题名[d]。出版地:出版者,出版年。

(5)国际、国家标准(文献类型标识:s)[序号] 标准编号,标准名称[s]。发布年。

(6)专利(文献类型标识:p)[序号] 专利所有者。专利名称[p]。专利国别:专利号,出版日期。

(7)电子文献[序号] 主要责任者。电子文献题名。电子文献出处(或可获得地址),发表(或更新)日期/引用日期。专著(m);论文集(c);报纸文章(n);期刊文章(j)学位论文(d);报告(r);标准(s)专利(p)

(8)未定义类型的文献(文献类型标识:z)[序号] 主要责任者。文献题名[z]。出版地:出版者,出版年。

mla格式是什么?

MLA(Modern Language Association)是一种常用的引用格式,为美国现代语言协会制定的论文指导格式,在一般书写英语论文时应当使用MLA格式来保证学术著作的完整。

MLA引用格式为:MLA.《研究论文作者手册》(MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers),第4版Okuda, Michael, and Denise Okuda. Star Trek Chronology: The Historyof the Future. New York: Pocket Books, 1993.

论文格式介绍

一:专著、论文集、报告

[序号]主要责任者.文献题名[文献类型标识].出版地:出版者,出版年:起止页码(可选).

例如:[1]刘国钧,陈绍业.图书目录[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1957:15-18.

二:期刊文章

[序号]主要责任者.文献题名[J].刊名,年,卷(期):起止页码.

例如:[1]何龄修.读南明史[J].中国史研究,1998,(3):167-173.

三:论文集中的析出文献

[序号]析出文献主要责任者.析出文献题名[A].原文献主要责任者(可选)原文献题名[C].出版地:出版者,出版年:起止页码.

例如:[7]钟文发.非线性规划在可燃毒物配置中的应用[A].赵炜.运筹学的理论与应用——中国运筹学会第五届大会论文集[C].西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,1996:468.

四:学位论文

[序号]主要责任者.文献题名[D].出版地:出版单位,出版年:起止页码(可选).

例如:[4]赵天书.诺西肽分阶段补料分批发酵过程优化研究[D].沈阳:东北大学,2013.

五:报纸文章

[序号]主要责任者.文献题名[N].报纸名,出版日期(版次).

例如:[8]谢希德.创造学习的新思路[N].人民日报,1998-12-25(10).

以上内容参考 百度百科—MLA

MLA和APA格式的区别

参考文献引用的规范应该按专业方向的不同选择使用MLA(the Modern Language Association)或者APA(the American Psychological Association),一般偏重人文学科的应用MLA,偏重自然学科的应用APA。学位申请人应认真阅读相应的规范使用手册。本节提供部分实例,供参考。

3.1 正文中的引证
学位论文引用别人的观点、方法、言论必须注明出处,注明出处时应该使用括号夹注的方法,一般不使用脚注或者尾注。

3.1.1 引用整篇文献的观点
引用整篇文献(即全书或全文)观点时有两种情况,一种是作者的姓氏在正文中没有出现,如:
MLA:
Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (Taylor).

APA:
Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (Taylor, 1990).

另一种情况是作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现,按MLA的规范不需要使用括号夹注,如:
MLA:
Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing.

而按APA的规范则没有必要在括号夹注中重复作者的姓,如:
APA:
Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (1990).

如果作者的姓氏和文献出版年份均已在正文同一句中出现,按APA的规范不需使用括号夹注,如:
APA:
In a 1990 article, Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing.

在英文撰写的论文中引用中文著作或者期刊,括号夹注中只需用汉语拼音标明作者的姓氏,不得使用汉字,如:
MLA:
(Zhu 12)
APA:
(Zhang, 2005)

3.1.2 引用文献中具体观点或文字
引用文献中某一具体观点或文字时必须注明该观点或者该段文字出现的页码,没有页码是文献引用不规范的表现。例如:
MLA:
Ancient writers attributed the invention of the monochord to Pythagoras, who lived in the sixth century BC (Marcuse 197).

Monasteries in medieval Europe were not short of speculations about Greek inventions (Marcuse 190-203).

APA:
Emily Bronte “expressed increasing hostility for the world of human relationships, whether sexual or social” (Taylor, 1988, p. 11).

Newmark (1988, pp. 39-40) notes three characteristically expressive text-types: (a) serious imaginative literature (e.g. lyrical poetry); (b) authoritative statements (political speeches and documents, statutes and legal documents, philosophical and academic works by acknowledged authorities); (c) autobiography, essays, personal correspondence (when these are personal effusions).

注意在这些例子中引文超过一页时的页码标记方法:MLA的规范是(Marcuse 190-203),而 APA的规范是(1988, pp. 39-40)。
假若作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现,则不需要在括号夹注中重复,如:
MLA:
Ancient writers, according to Marcuse, attributed the invention of the monochord to Pythagoras, who lived in the sixth century BC (197).

APA:
Taylor writes that Emily Bronte “expressed increasing hostility for the world of human relationships, whether sexual or social” (1988, p. 11).

3.1.3 引用多位作者写作的同一文献
MLA(二至三位作者):
Among intentional spoonerisms, the “punlike metathesis of distinctive features may serve to weld together words etymologically unrelated but close in their sound and meaning” (Jakobson and Waugh 304).
(如果有三位作者,在括号夹注中应用逗号分隔他们的姓氏,如:(Alton, Davies, and Rice 56)。)
MLA(三位以上的作者):
The study was extended for two years, and only after results were reviewed by an independent panel did the researchers publish their findings (Blaine et al. 35).

APA(两位作者):
Research (Yamada & Matsuura, 1982) reports the poor performance of advanced English learners who could use English articles correctly only in 70 percent of the cases.

注意两种规范的括号夹注中分别使用“and”与“&”。
APA(三至五位作者)
第一次引用:
According to educational psychologists, raising children is a responsibility of the entire community (Franklin, Childs, & Smith, 1995).

以后的引用:
To be successful, “communities must be willing to take this responsibility” (Franklin et al., 1995, p. 135).

APA(五位以上的作者):
Patterns of byzantine intrigue have long plagued the internal politics of community college administration in Texas (Douglas et al., 2003)
3.1.4 引用同样姓氏的不同作者
假若两个或两个以上的作者有同样的姓氏,则括号夹注中应同时使用他们名字的首字母,如:
MLA:
Although some medical ethicists claim that cloning will lead to designer children (R. Miller 12), others note that the advantages for medical research outweigh this consideration (A. Miller 46).

APA:
Well-established SLA researchers (e.g., R. Ellis, 2002) seem rather skeptical of the assertion that repetition alone explains the development of the knowledge of a second language (N. Ellis, 2002).

引用中文著作或期刊时同姓作者的情况较多,应在括号夹注中使用他们名字的首字母加以区分,如:
MLA:
(S.R. Wang 26) (J.X. Wang 30)
APA:
(W.Y. Wang, 2003) (L.F. Wang, 2003, p. 213)

3.1.5 引用团体作者(corporate author)
引用团体作者的作品,括号夹注中应使用团体的名称,如:
MLA:
It was apparent that the American health care system needed “to be fixed and perhaps radically modified” (Public Agenda Foundation 4).

APA:
Retired officers retain access to all of the university's educational and recreational facilities (Columbia University, 1987, p. 54).

3.1.6 引用无作者文献
引用无作者文献,如果文献标题没有出现在正文里,则括号夹注中应使用该标题或者(如果标题过长的话)使用该标题中的关键词组,如:
MLA:
An anonymous Wordsworth critic once argued that his poems were too emotional (“Wordsworth Is A Loser” 100).

APA:
(“Mad Cow,” 2001) 或者 (Sleep Medicine, 2001)

在使用关键词组时应该选择标题开始部分的词组。
无论是MLA还是APA的规范,独立出版物的标题或者标题中的关键词组用斜体标出,出版物内含的作品的名称以及未出版的作品(讲演、论文等)的标题或者标题中的关键词组用引号标出。

3.1.7 引用书信、谈话中的观点或文字
书信和谈话(含电子邮件、访谈、电话等)无法在正文后面的参考文献中列出,但应该在正文中使用括号夹注的方法注明出处。例如:
MLA:
Jesse Moore (telephone conversation, May 12, 1989) admitted the need for an in-depth analysis of the otherness expressed in the work.

APA:
Mira Ariel (e-mail, April 17, 2004) confirmed that accessibility marking played a crucial role in discourse organization.

Researchers may observe that Chinese English majors with no overseas experience often have a better command of English than American foreign language majors with no overseas experience have of the language they study (Eugene Nida, personal communication, November 8, 1986).
3.1.8 引用同一作者的多篇文献
按MLA规范,引用同一作者的多篇文献时,在括号夹注中应加入文献标题中的关键词组,如:
Lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for small children (“Too Soon” 38), though he has acknowledged that early exposure to computer games does lead to better small motor skill development (“Hand-Eye Development” 17).
或者
Computers are not useful tools for small children (Lightenor, “Too Soon” 38), though he has acknowledged that early exposure to computer games does lead to better small motor skill development (Lightenor, “Hand-Eye Development” 17).
或者
Lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for small children, though he has acknowledged that early exposure to computer games does lead to better small motor skill development (“Too Soon” 38 and “Hand-Eye Development” 17).

按APA规范,同一作者的不同文献可用出版年份来区别,如:
(Zhang, 1997) (Zhang, 1999) (Zhang, 2004)

括号夹注还可以表示同一作者的多篇文献,文献按发表次序排列,如:
(Zhang, 1997, 1999, 2004)
同一年份发表的文献应对年份另加字母,以示区别(正文后参考文献著录中相应的条目里的年份应加同样的字母),如:
(Bloom, 2003a, 2003b)

3.1.9 同时引用不同作者的多篇文献
括号夹注可以包括不同作者的多篇文献,文献按作者姓氏的字母顺序排列(注意分号的使用),如:
MLA:
The dangers of mountain lions to humans have been well documented (Rychnovsky 40; Seidensticker 114; Williams 30).

APA:
Distance from health care providers, lack of transportation, lack of health care providers, lack of information about the disease and various treatment options, poverty and social isolation due to geography are all factors which affect treatment decisions of rural clients (Brown, 2001; Sullivan, Weinert & Fulton, 1993; Weinert & Burman, 1994).

在MLA的规范中,如果不同作者的多篇文献过于冗长,则不用括号夹注,而使用脚注(见第3.1.12节)。
3.1.10 引用非直接文献(indirect source)
论文应尽可能避免使用非直接文献(即二级文献secondary source),但在无法找到直接文献(即一级文献primary source)的情况下,引文可以从非直接文献中析出,例如:
MLA:
Samuel Johnson admitted that Edmund Burke was an “extraordinary man” (qtd. in Boswell 2: 450).
(注意:“qtd. in”中的字母“i”不得大写。)

APA:
Grayson (as cited in Murzynski & Degelman, 1996, p. 135) identified four components of body language that were related to judgments of vulnerability.

One researcher (Grayson, as cited in Murzynski & Degelman, 1996, p. 135) identified four components of body language that were related to judgments of vulnerability.

引用非直接文献以后,在正文后参考文献著录中只需列入该非直接文献的条目(即上述实例中的“Boswell”和“Murzynski & Degelman, 1996”)。

3.1.11 引用文学作品和经典文献
按MLA的规范,有几种情况括号夹注内不标页码。
在引用剧本时应标出引文的幕、场、行,如:
In his famous advice to players, Shakespeare’s Hamlet defines the purpose of theater, “whose end, both at the first and now, was and is, to hold, as ‘twere, the mirror up to nature” (3.2.21-23).

这里的括号夹注表示引文来自剧本第三幕第二场的21至23行。(注意标点的使用。)
在引用诗歌时应标出引文的节、行,如:
When Homer’s Odysseus comes to the hall of Circe, he finds his men “mild / in her soft spell, fed on her drug of evil” (10.209-11).

这里的括号夹注表示引文来自诗歌第10节的209至211行。对不分节的诗第一次引用时应说明括号里标的是行数,使用“line”,以后的引用则不需再说明。例如:
第一次引用:(lines 5-8)
以后的引用:(12-13)

在引用有章节、分册的小说的时候,应标出引文所在的页码、册数、章节,如:
One of Kingsolver’s narrators, teenager Rachel, pushes her vocabulary beyond its limits. For example, Rachel complains that being forced to live in the Congo with her missionary family is “a sheer tapestry of justice” because her chances of finding a boyfriend are “dull and void” (117; bk. 2, ch. 10).

例子里的括号夹注表示引文来自该书第二册第十章的第117页。(注意标点和缩略语的使用。)
在引用《圣经》、《可兰经》等经典文献的时候,应标出引文的篇、章、节,如:
Consider the words of Solomon: “If your enemies are hungry, give them food to eat. If they are thirsty, give them water to drink” (Bible, Prov. 25.21).

例子里的括号夹注表示引文来自旧约《圣经》的《箴言》篇第25章第21节。《圣经》各篇的缩写有标准的写法,因而使用时应该注意核对。

3.1.12 对引语文字的更改
直接引语如出现在正文中间,使用引语的句子不得违反英语语法,不得出现“句中句”。图3.1右边一栏两句句子均包含了引语,但均不合语法。

正确:
So it is not like what Luthi calls “enter[ing] effortlessly into fruitful contact with distant worlds” (63).
正确:
Max Luthi points out that the first apparent thing in the fairytale is that it portrays its hero as “isolated” and often as “an old child” (59). 错误:
So it is not like what Luthi calls “enter effortlessly into fruitful contact with distant worlds” (63).

错误:
Max Luthi points out: “The first thing that is apparent in the fairytale …is that it portrays its hero as isolated. He is often an old child” (59).

为了使含直接引语的句子合乎语法,往往有必要对引语的文字作一定的更改。如果要删除引语中个别词句,可以用省略号(ellipses“…”)取代删除的词句。如果要加入或者更改个别单词或者词组,则可以将需要加入或者更改的单词或词组放在方括号(square brackets“[ ]”)以内。例如:
删除词句:
He stated, “The ‘placebo effect,’ ... disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner” (Smith, 1982, p. 276), but he did not clarify which behaviors were studied.

添加词组:
Smith (1982:276) found that “the placebo effect, which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when [his own and others’] behaviors were studied in this manner.”
无论删改还是添加字词均不得变更引语的原意。
注意:如果删除是在句内,应该空一格以后再加省略号。如果删除是在一句整句以后,则应在该整句最后的标点(句号、问号或惊叹号)不空格直接加省略号。省略号应该用三个句点。

3.1.13 脚注(footnotes)的使用
在MLA的规范里,脚注只应在下列两种情况中考虑使用:(1)提供有一定重要性、但写入正文将有损文本条理和逻辑的解释性信息;(2)提供因篇幅过大不宜使用括号夹注注明的文献出处信息。在APA的规范里脚注仅仅在上述第一种情况下可以使用。脚注应该使用阿拉伯数字编号上标,每页重新开始。在下面两个例子中,前一个属第一种情况,后一种属第二种情况:
The commentary of the sixteenth-century literary scholars Bernardo Segni and Lionardo Salviati shows them to be less-than-faithful followers of Aristotle1.
….
Technological advancements have brought advantages as well as unexpected problems2.

————————————— Notes
1 Examples are conveniently available in Weinberg. See Segni, Rettorica et poetica d'Aristotile (Firenze, 1549) 281, qtd. in Weinberg 1:405, and Salviati, Poetica d'Aristotle parafrasata e comnetata, 1586, ms. 2.2.11, Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, Firenze, 140v, qtd. in Weinberg 1:616-17.
2 For a sampling of materials that reflect the range of experiences related to recent technological changes, see Moulthrop, pars. 39-53; Armstrong, Yang, and Cuneo 80-82; Craner 308-11.

(第二个例子中“Moulthrop, pars. 39-53”中的“pars”指的是“段落”即paragraph。)
在脚注中提到的文献同正文中提到的一样,都必须在正文后面的参考文献著录中详细注明。
脚注可使用单倍行距,但相邻脚注之间应空1.5行。脚注的字体必须与正文一样。

3.2 参考文献著录的格式
参考文献著录在MLA规范里叫做Works Cited,在APA规范里叫做References。撰写论文时应仔细阅读MLA或APA的规范手册,本节仅提供部分著录实例,供参考。

3.2.1 著录已出版的文章
一位作者写的文章
MLA:
Stewart, Donald C. “What Is an English Major, and What Should It Be?” College Composition and Communication 40 (1989): 188-202.

APA:
Roediger, H. L. (1990). Implicit memory: A commentary. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 28, 373-380.

注意:(1)在MLA规范里,作者的姓名应完整,应标明首名的全称和中间名的首字母。在APA里,作者的首名和中间名均应用首字母。(2)在MLA规范里,期刊名与期刊卷数之间不用逗号。(3)在APA规范里期刊的卷数(即“28”)应用斜体表示。(4)按MLA的规范,标题第一个词和冒号后第一个词的首字母均必须大写,而其余每一个词的首字母,除冠词、介词、并列连词以及不定式符号(“to”)以外都必须大写。按APA的规范,标题第一个词和冒号后第一个词的首字母必须大写,而其余每一个词的首字母,除专有名词以外,均不需要大写。

两位作者写的文章
MLA:
Brownell, Hiram H., and Heather H. Potter. “Inference Deficits in Right-Brain Damaged Patients.” Brain and Language 27 (1986): 310-21.

APA:
Tulving, E., & Schacter, D. L. (1990). Priming and human memory systems. Science, 247, 301-305.

两位以上的作者写的文章
MLA:
Mascia-Lees, Frances E., Pat Sharpe, and Colleen B. Cohen. “Double Liminality and the Black Woman Writer.” American Behavioral Scientist 31 (1987): 101-14.

APA:
Barringer, H. R., Takeuchi, D. T., & Xenos, P. C. (1990). Education, occupational prestige and income of Asian Americans: Evidence from the 1980 Census. Sociology of Education, 63, 27-43.

无论用MLA 还是APA,第一作者以姓氏开始(加上逗号),继以名字或者名字的首字母,但是从第二作者开始,在MLA规范里以名字开始,继以姓氏,而在APA规范里以姓氏开始(加上逗号),继以名字的首字母。
如果作者人数超过三人,也可以考虑仅保留第一作者的名字,加上et al.(拉丁文 “and others”),如:
MLA:
Mascia-Lees, Frances E., et al. “Double Liminality and the Black Woman Writer.” American Behavioral Scientist 31 (1987): 101-14.

APA:
Barringer, H. R. et at. (1990). Education, occupational prestige and income of Asian Americans: Evidence from the 1980 Census. Sociology of Education, 63, 27-43.

书评、影评、电视节目评论等(Review)
MLA:
Kidd, John. “The Scandal of Ulysses.” Rev. of Ulysses: The Corrected Text, by Hans Walter Gabler. New York Review of Books 30 June 1988: 32-39.

APA:
Falk, J. S. (1990). [Review of Narratives from the crib]. Language, 66, 558-562.

收集在书籍中的文章(Selection from an edited book)
MLA:
Glover, David. “The Stuff That Dreams Are Made Of: Masculinity, Femininity, and the Thriller.” Gender, Genre and Narrative Pleasure. Ed. Derek Longhurst. London: Unwin Hyman, 1989. 67-83.

APA:
Wilson, S. F. (1990). Community support and integration: New directions for outcome research. In S. Rose (Ed.), Case management: An overview and assessment (pp. 13-42). White Plains, NY: Longman.

注意:(1)“Ed.”代表“编”。(2)在MLA规范中,书的编者的姓和名均用全称,在APA规范里,编者的姓用全称,名用首字母。

杂志中的文章
MLA:
Miller, Mark Crispen. “Massa, Come Home.” New Republic 16 Sept. 1981: 29-32.

APA:
Gibbs, N. (1989, April 24). How America has run out of time. Time, pp. 58-67.

注意:著录引用杂志中的文章应标明杂志的出版日期。

报纸中的文章
MLA:
“Literacy on the job.” USA Today 27 Dec. 1988: 6B.

APA:
Freudenheim, M. (1987, December 29). Rehabilitation in head injuries in business and helath. New York Times, p. D2.

百科全书中的文章(An entry in an encyclopedia)
MLA:
Mohanty, Jitendra M. “Indian Philosophy.” The New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Macropaedia. 15th ed. 1987.

APA:
Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopedia britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.

政府文件(A government publication)
MLA:
United States. Natl. Council on Disability. Promises to Keep: A Decade of Federal Enforcement of the Americans with Disabilities Act. Washington: GPO, 2000.

APA:
National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in serious mental illness (DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-1679). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

3.2.2 著录已出版的书籍
一位作者写的书籍
MLA:
Graff, Gerald. Professing Literature: An Institutional History. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1987.

APA:
Rossi, P. H. (1989). Down and out in America: The origins of homelessness. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

注意不同规范里书籍标题大小写规则的不同。

新版书(Book with a new edition)
MLA:
Erikson, Erik. Childhood and Society. 2nd ed. New York: Norton, 1963.

APA:
Kail, R. (1990). Memory development in children (3rd ed.). New York: Freeman.

团体作者(Book with a corporate author)写的书籍
MLA:
College Board. College-bound Seniors: 1989 SAT Profile. New York: College Entrance Examination Board, 1989.

APA:
American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed., rev.). Washington, DC: Author.

无作者书籍(Book with no author)
MLA:
Guidelines for the Workload of College English Teacher. Urbana: National Council of Teachers of English, 1987.

APA:
Standards for educational and psychological tests. (1985). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

编撰的书籍(Edited book)
MLA:
Kerckhove, Derrick de, and Charles J. Lumsden, eds. The Alphabet and the Brain: The Lateralization of Writing. Berlin Springer-¬Verlag, 1988.

APA:
Campbell, J. P., Campbell, R. J., & Associates. (Eds.). (1988). Productivity in organizations. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

翻译的书籍(Translated book)
MLA:
Lacan, Jacques. Ecrits: A Selection. Trans. Alan Sheridan. New York: Norton, 1977.

APA:
Michotte, A. E. (1963). The perception of causality (T. R. Miles & E. Miles, Trans.). London: Methuen. (Original work published 1946)

注意在两种规范里,翻译者的名和姓均不需要改变次序。

重版书(Republished book)
MLA:
Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God. 1937.

mla格式是什么

朋友写英文论文时,需要用MLA格式写作。MLA格式有什么要求?特地找到关于MLA格式的规定,希望对朋友有帮助。

MLA(Modern Language Association)为美国现代语言协会制定的论文指导格式,在一般书写英语论文时应当使用MLA格式来保证学术著作的完整。

一、MLA简明论文格式(以下word格式可参用附加档已设定完成,套用即可)

1. 内容分封面、正文、注释。

2. 规格:A4纸,计算机打字,横打,上下左右空4.5cm,标题与内文字距离0.5cm;字大小:照相打字15- 16级(Windows 文书软件10- 11pt),内文字请用细明或新细明体,标准行距(Windows 文书软件0.6- 0.7cm),25pp以内。

3. 横式(由左至右)写作。

4. 关键詷4-6个。

5. 提要300-500字。

6. 请用新式标点符号。「」用于平常引号,《 》用于书名,〈 〉用于论文及篇名。古籍之书名与篇名连用时,可省略篇名符号,如《史记‧刺客列传》。

7. 中文正文用细明体,注脚用楷书。

8. 英文正文用Times New Roman; 章节用Arial。

9. 英文书名用Italic; 论文名用“ ”。

10. 独立引文每行低三格(楷书)。

11. 注释号码请用阿拉伯字数码之上标字(右上方),如9、25。

12. 标题编码层次:一、 (一) 1. (1)

13. 征引书目编写方式:

(1)中日文部分依作者姓名笔划排列

A.专书

B.期刊论文

C.博、硕士论文

(2)西文部分依作者姓名字母排列

A.专书

B.期刊论文

C.博、硕士论文

14. 不可使用“同上”、“同前引书”、“同前书”、“同前揭书”、“同注几引书”等。

15. 引用专书或论文,请依序注明作者、书名(或篇名)、出版项。

A.中日文专书:作者—书名—出版地点—出版公司—出版年分。

注文:

彭明辉,《历史地理学与现代中国史学》(台北:东大图书公司,1995),38-45。

再引:

彭明辉,《历史地理学与现代中国史学》,38-45。

书目:

彭明辉,《历史地理学与现代中国史学》,台北:东大图书公司,1995。

B.中日文论文:作者—篇名—期刊卷期—出版项—年月—页码。

注文:

彭明辉,〈由神明配置图看台湾民间信仰——以中和地区八座寺庙为中心〉,《新史学》,6. 4(台北,1995. 12): 45-87。

再引:

彭明辉,〈由神明配置图看台湾民间信仰——以中和地区八座寺庙为中心〉,《新史学》,6. 4: 45-53。

书目:

彭明辉,〈由神明配置图看台湾民间信仰——以中和地区八座寺庙为中心〉,《新史学》,6. 4 (台北,1995. 12): 45-87。

C.西文专书:作者—书名—出版地点—出版公司—出版年分。例:

注文:

Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Havens: Yale University Press, 1968), 102-103.

再引:

Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies, 102-103.

书目:

Huntington, Samuel P. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Havens: Yale University Press, 1968.

D.西文论文:作者—篇名—期刊卷期—出版项—年月—页码。例:

注文:

Hoyt Tillman, “A New Direction in Confucian Scholarship: Approaches to Examining the Differences between Neo-Confucianism and Tao-hseh,” Philosophy East and West, 42. 3 (New York, July, 1992): 455-474.

再引:

Hoyt Tillman, “A New Direction in Confucian Scholarship: Approaches to Examining the Differences between Neo-Confucianism and Tao-hseh,” Philosophy East and West, 42. 3: 455- 474.

书目:

Tillman, Hoyt. “A New Direction in Confucian Scholarship: Approaches to Examining the Differences between Neo-Confucianism and Tao-hseh,” Philosophy East and West, 42. 3 (New York, July, 1992): 455-474.

附注及引用文献 第一类型 历史

引用一本书

一位作者/两位作者/三位作者

3.范文澜,《中国通史简编》(香港:南国出版社,1954),11。

范文澜, 《中国通史简编》,香港:南国出版社,1954。

4.戴国辉、叶芸芸,《爱憎228—神话与史实》(台北:远流出版社,1992),11-20。

戴国辉、叶芸芸,《爱憎228—神话与史实》,台北:远流出版社,1992。

5.冉光荣、李绍明、周锡银,《羌族史》(成都:四川人民出版社,1984)。

冉光荣、李绍明、周锡银,《羌族史》,成都:四川人民出版社,1984。

6. David Lowenthal, The Past is a Foreign Country (London: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 23-25.

Lowenthal, David. The Past is a Foreign Country. London: Cambridge University Press, 1985.

7. James Fentress & Chris Wickham, Social Memory (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1992), 24-26.

Fentress, James & Chris Wickham. Social Memory. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1992.

多于三位作者/编者

8.周大城等,《台湾自然地理》(台北:立人出版社,1994),21-40。

周大城等,《台湾自然地理》,台北:立人出版社,1994。

9. Elizabeth Tonkin et al, History and Ethnicity (London: Routledge, 1989), 30-40.

Tonkin, Elizabeth et al. History and Ethnicity. London: Routledge, 1989.

作者为一机构/多机构

1.中央研究院近代史研究所,《口述历史—二二八事件专号》,3 (台北:中央研究院近代史研究所,1992),11-15。

中央研究院近代史研究所,《口述历史—二二八事件专号》,3,台北:中央研究院近代史研究所,1992。

2.吉林省文物工作队、榆树县博物馆,《吉林榆树县老河深鲜卑墓群》(北京:文物出版社,1990),11-20。

吉林省文物工作队、榆树县博物馆,《吉林榆树县老河深鲜卑墓群》,北京:文物出版社,1990。

作者为编者

3.赵松侨编,《中国自然地理》(台北:地图出版社,1984),21-30。

赵松侨编,《中国自然地理》,台北:地图出版社,1984。

4. Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger eds., The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 11-15.

Hobsbawm, Eric and Terence Ranger eds. The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.

被翻译著作

5.韦伯(Max Weber),《宗教社会学》,康乐、简惠美译(台北:远流出版公司,1991),131-32。

韦伯(Max Weber),《宗教社会学》,康乐、简惠美译,台北:远流出版公司,1991。

6. Maurice Halbwachs, On Collective Memory, ed. & trans. by Lewis A. Coser (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1992), 101-22.

Halbwachs, Maurice. On Collective Memory. Ed. & trans. by Lewis A. Coser. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1992.

多作者丛书中的一本

3.黄清连,《黑金与黄金:基隆河上游地区矿业的发展与聚落的变迁》,「北县乡土与社会大系」之一(板桥:台北县立文化中心,1995),21-25。

黄清连,《黑金与黄金:基隆河上游地区矿业的发展与聚落的变迁》,「北县乡土与社会大系」之一,板桥:台北县立文化中心,1995。

单一作者丛书中的一本

4.王国维,《观堂别集》,《海宁王忠悫公遗书》,第九册(无出版处,1927),23-25。

王国维,《观堂别集》,《海宁王忠悫公遗书》,第九册,无出版处,1927。

不同的版本

罗振玉,《殷虚书契考释》,重印增订殷虚书契考释本(台北:艺文印书馆,1969),23-25。

罗振玉,《殷虚书契考释》,重印增订殷虚书契考释本,台北:艺文印书馆,1969。

7. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities, rev. edition (London: Verso Press, 1991), 121-25.

Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities. Rev. edition. London: Verso Press, 1991.

老书重印

5.刘师培,《中国民族志》(台北:中国民族学会,1962),25-28。

刘师培,《中国民族志》,台北:中国民族学会,1962(1934)。

6. Owen Lattimore, Inner Asian Frontiers of China (The American Geographical Society, 1940; repr., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988), 9.

Lattimore, Owen. Inner Asian Frontiers of China. The American Geographical Society, 1940. Repr., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.

转引自其它的书

5.拉克伯里,《支那太古文明公元论》(Western Origin the Early Chinese Civilization,1894)。转引自蒋智由,《中国人种考》(上海:华通书局,1929),26-33。

拉克伯里,《支那太古文明公元论》(Western Origin the Early Chinese Civilization,1894)。转引自蒋智由,《中国人种考》,上海:华通书局,1929。

6. Thomas Torrance, China’s First Missionaires (London, 1937), 21; queted in David Crockett Graham, The Customs and Religion of the Ch’iang, 96-101 (City of Washington: Smithsonian Institute, 1958), 25-27.

Torrance, Thomas. China’s First Missionaires. London, 1937. Queted in David Crockett Graham. The Customs and Religion of the Ch’iang, 96-101. City of Washington: Smithsonian Institute, 1958.

论文与文章

期刊中论文

1 张永年,〈关于湖熟文化的若干问题〉,《考古》 1 (1962):35。

2 中国社会科学院考古研究所,《新中国的考古发现和研究》,(北京:文物出版社,1984),149-53。

3 曾昭谲、尹焕章,〈试论湖熟文化〉,《考古学报》 4 (1959):47-50。

4 镇江市博物馆、丹徒县文物管理委员会,〈江苏丹阳出土的西周青铜 器〉,《文物》 8(1980):3-6。

已出版会议论文

王明珂,〈汉代中国的边疆民族意象与民族政策〉,国立台湾师范大学历史研究所、蒙藏委员会编,《中国边疆史学术研讨会论文集》(台北,1995),23-25。

未出版会议论文

多作者论文集中论文

3. David Middleton and Derek Edwards, “Introduction,” in Collective Remembering, ed. by David Middleton and Derek Edwards (Londen: Sage Publications, 1990), 1-22.

Middleton, David and Derek Edwards. Introduction. In Collective Remembering, ed. by David Middleton and Derek Edwards. Londen: Sage Publications, 1990.

单一作者论文集中论文

多作者论文集中论文

5.许倬云,〈周人的兴起及周文化的基础〉,中央研究院历史语言研究所中国上古史编辑委员会编,《中国上古史待定稿第三本.两周篇之一.史实与演变》(台北:中央研究院历史语言研究所,1985),9-10。

许倬云,〈周人的兴起及周文化的基础〉,中央研究院历史语言研究所中国上古史编辑委员会编,《中国上古史待定稿第三本.两周篇之一.史实与演变》,台北:中央研究院历史语言研究所,1985。

期刊中的书评

学位论文

5. Ming-ke Wang, “The Ch’iang of Ancient China through the Han Dynasty: Ecological Frontiers and Ethnic Boundaries” (Ph. D. dissertation. Harvard University, 1992), 106.

Wang, Ming-ke. “The Ch’iang of Ancient China through the Han Dynasty: Ecological Frontiers and Ethnic Boundaries”. Ph. D. dissertation. Harvard University, 1992.

报纸文章

转引自他处的论文

5.张筱衡,〈散盘考释〉,《人文杂志》2-4(1958);转引自,刘启益,〈西周大国铜器的新发现与有关的历史地理问题〉,《考古与文物》 2 (1982),43-44。

张筱衡,〈散盘考释〉,《人文杂志》2-4(1958);转引自,刘启益,〈西周大国铜器的新发现与有关的历史地理问题〉,43-44。

上一篇:蝇王论文题目

下一篇:研究论文质量