桥梁工程论文3000字英语版

桥梁工程论文3000字英语版

In the 20th century, bridge construction technology evolved and was fueled by the
Industrial Revolution. At the turn of the century, steel bridges were riveted together, not
bolted; concrete bridges were cast in place, not precast; and large bridge members were
built from lacing bars and smaller sections, not rolled in one piece. Plastic had not yet been
invented. Construction techniques such as post-tensioning, slurry walls, soil freezing, and
reinforced earth walls had not yet been conceived. Surveying was performed mechanically
since infrared, optical technology was still 75 years away.
Bridge construction is changing as the new millennium begins. New construction
techniques and new materials are emerging. There are also new issues facing the bridge
building industry relative to the research needs associated with these new techniques and
materials.
LONG-SPAN BRIDGES
Suspension Bridges
While suspension bridge building was conducted at a modest pace throughout the 20th
century, an unprecedented number of spans of remarkable record lengths were built in the
Far East and Denmark. Both the Akashi Kaikyo Bridge in Japan and the Great Belt Bridge
in Denmark were completed in 1998. The Akashi Kaikyo Bridge is the largest suspension
bridge in the world, with a span of 1991 m, and the Great Belt Bridge is the second largest,
with a span of 1624 m.
While spans lengths have increased nearly fivefold during the course of this century,
they may have reached their physical limits with today’s materials. Research will be
necessary to develop the new, ultra-high-strength steel wire or carbon fiber wire required to
build the longer main suspension cables that will make it possible to increase span lengths to
beyond 2000 m.
As we enter the new millennium, rehabilitation and ongoing maintenance of the existing
suspension bridges must continue as well. Recent rehabilitation measures for the main
cables and suspension systems of these bridges have uncovered degradation through
corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement. Research is needed to determine the remaining
useful service life of suspension bridge cables and what measures can be taken to slow or
halt the degradation process.
Transportation in the New Millennium 2
Other components of long-span bridges, existing and new, are being revolutionized as
technology moves forward. Advances in deck technology are producing stronger, lighter
decks. Orthotropic and exodermic decks are becoming increasingly popular on long-span
structures as a means of reducing dead load. Bearings, joint systems, and seismic retrofitting
components are becoming increasingly efficient as more large-scale testing facilities are
built.

在20世纪,桥梁施工技术,是由进化而来的
工业革命。随着新世纪的到来,钢桥受到铆接在一起,而不是
螺栓、混凝土桥梁被扔在的地方,不是预制、大型桥梁成员
从系酒吧和小的部分,不卷在一块。塑料尚未
发明了。制作等施工工艺、浆墙、土壤冻结,
加筋土墙尚未怀了孕。测量进行机械
自从红外、光学技术仍然是75年。
大桥建设是新千年开始转变。新建筑
技术和新材料正在浮出水面。也有新的解决面临的桥
建筑行业的相关研究的需要,这些新技术
材料。
大跨度桥梁
悬挂的桥梁
虽然悬索桥建设进行了整个20速度不快
世纪,前所未有的跨越了卓越的长度是建在记录
远东和丹麦。双方在日本明石海峡大桥正式通车,伟大的带桥
在丹麦是在一九九八年完成。这个明石海峡大桥正式通车是世界上最大的悬架
在这个世界上,与桥梁的m,1991年是中国的第二大带桥,
用一段1624)。
虽然已经增加了近5倍长度的跨世纪的过程中,
他们已经达到了他们的物理极限与今天的材料。研究将
必须发展新的、ultra-high-strength钢丝、碳纤维丝要求
建立了悬索,将不再主要可能增加到跨度的长度
超出2000米。
当我们进入新千年、康复和持续的维护现有的
悬索桥必须继续。最近的戒毒措施为主要
电缆悬架系统与这些桥梁发现退化
氢脆腐蚀,。研究还剩下的
寿命悬索桥电缆和什么措施可以减缓或
停止退化的过程。
在新千年的运输
其他组件的大跨度桥梁,现有的和新的,正在发生了革命性的变化
技术的进步。提出了在甲板上技术生产强的,更轻的
甲板。正交各向异性和exodermic牌是大跨度越来越受欢迎
作为一种手段,降低结构自重荷载。轴承、联合系统和抗震能力
越来越多的有效成分是更大规模的测试设备
建造。

50分！！~~谢谢
参考资料：我的大脑

急求一片英汉对照的工程管理或土木工程类的论文，字数3000左右，超高分悬赏！

4月20日 20:45 随着城市建设和公路建设的不断升温，土木工程专业的就业形势近年持续走高。找到一份工作，对大多数毕业生来讲并非是难事，然而土木工程专业的就业前景与国家政策及经济发展方向密切相关，其行业薪酬水平近年来更是呈现出管理高于技术的倾向，而从技术转向管理，也成为诸多土木工程专业毕业生职业生涯中不可避免的瓶颈。如何在大学阶段就为“钱”途做好准备，找到正确的职业发展方向呢?

木土工程专业大体可分为道路与桥梁工程与建筑工程两个不同的方向，在职业生涯中，这两个方向的职位既有大体上的统一性，又有细节上的具体区别。总体来说，土木工程专业的主要就业方向有以下几种：
1、工程技术方向

代表职位：施工员、建筑工程师、结构工程师、技术经理、项目经理等。

代表行业：建筑施工企业、房地产开发企业、路桥施工企业等。

就业前景：就像我们看到身边的高楼大厦正在不断地拔地而起、一条条宽阔平坦的大道向四面八方不断延伸一样，土木建筑行业对工程技术人才的需求也随之不断增长。2004年进入各个人才市场招聘工程技术人员的企业共涉及到100多个行业，其中在很多城市的人才市场上，房屋和土木工程建筑业的人才需求量已经跃居第一位。随着经济发展和路网改造、城市基础设施建设工作的不断深入，土建工程技术人员在当前和今后一段时期内需求量还将不断上升。再加上路桥和城市基础设施的更新换代，只要人才市场上没有出现过度饱合的状况，可以说土木工程技术人员一直有着不错的就业前景。

典型职业通路：施工员/技术员-工程师/工长、标段负责人-技术经理-项目经理/总工程师。

年薪参考：施工员/技术员：1.5万～2.5万元；工长：2.5万～4万元；技术质量管理经理：4.5万～7万元；项目经理：5万～10万元；

专家建议：随着我国执业资格认证制度的不断完善，土建行业工程技术人员不但需要精通专业知识和技术，还需要取得必要的执业资格证书。工程技术人员的相关执业资格认证主要有全国一、二级注册建筑师、全国注册土木工程师、全国一、二级注册结构工程师等。需要注意的是，这些执业资格认证均需要一定年限的相关工作经验才能报考，因此土木工程专业的毕业生即使走上工作岗位后也要注意知识结构的更新，尽早报考以取得相关的执业资格。想要从事工程技术工作的大学生，在实习中可选择建筑工地上的测量、建材、土工及路桥标段的路基、路面、小桥涵的施工、测量工作。

2、设计、规划及预算方向

代表职位：项目设计师、结构审核、城市规划师、预算员、预算工程师等。

代表行业：工程勘察设计单位、房地产开发企业、交通或市政工程类**机关职能部门、工程造价咨询机构等。

就业前景：各种勘察设计院对工程设计人员的需求近年来持续增长，城市规划作为一种新兴职业，随着城市建设的不断深入，也需要更多的现代化设计规划人才。随着咨询业的兴起，工程预决算等建筑行业的咨询服务人员也成为土建业内新的就业增长点。

典型职业通路：预算员-预算工程师-高级咨询师。

年薪参考：预算员：1.5万～3万元；预算工程师：2.5万～6万元；城市规划师：4万～7万元

建筑设计师：4万～10万元；总建筑设计师：25万元以上。

专家建议：此类职位所需要的不仅是要精通专业知识，更要求有足够的大局观和工作经验。一般情况下来说，其薪酬与工作经验成正比。以建筑设计师为例，现代建筑还要求环保和可持续发展，这些都需要建筑设计师拥有扎实的功底以及广博的阅历，同时善于学习，并在实践中去体会。目前，市场上对建筑设计人才大多要求5年以上的工作经验，具有一级注册建筑师资质，并担任过大型住宅或建设工程开发的设计。此类职位也需要取得相应的执业资格证书，如建筑工程师需要通过国家组织的注册建筑师的职业资格考试拿到《注册建筑师资格证书》才能上岗，预算工程师需要取得注册造价师或预算工程师资格。另外，从事此类职业还需要全方面地加强自身修养，如需要熟悉电脑操作和维护,能熟练运用CAD绘制各种工程图以及用P3编制施工生产计划等，有的职位如建筑设计师还需要对人类学、美学、史学，以及不同时代不同国家的建筑精华有深刻的认知，并且要能融会贯通，锻造出自己的设计风格。这些都需要从学生时代开始积累自己的文化底蕴。实习时应尽量选取一些相关的单位和工作，如房地产估价、工程预算、工程制图等。

3、质量监督及工程监理方向

代表职位：监理工程师

代表行业：建筑、路桥监理公司、**工程质量检测监督部门。

就业前景：工程监理是近年来新兴的一个职业，随着我国对建筑、路桥施工质量监管的日益规范，监理行业自诞生以来就面临着空前的发展机遇，并且随着国家工程监理制度的日益完善有着更加广阔的发展空间。

典型职业通路：监理员—资料员—项目直接负责人-专业监理工程师-总监理工程师。

年薪参考：现场监理员：1.8万～2.5万元；项目直接负责人：2.5万～4万元；专业监理工程师：3万～5万元；总监理工程师：4万～8万元。

专家建议：监理行业是一个新兴行业，因此也是一个与执业资格制度结合得相当紧密的行业，其职位的晋升与个人资质的取得密切相关。一般来说，监理员需要取得省监理员上岗证，项目直接负责人需要取得省监理工程师或监理员上岗证，工作经验丰富、有较强的工作能力。专业监理工程师需要取得省监理工程师上岗证，总监理工程师需要取得国家注册监理工程师职业资格证。木土工程专业的大学生想要进入这个行业，在校期间就可以参加省公路系统、建筑系统举办的监理培训班，通过考试后取得监理员上岗证，此后随工作经验的增加考取相应级别的执业资格证书。在实习期间，可选择与路桥、建筑方向等与自己所学方向相一致的监理公司，从事现场监理、测量、资料管理等工作。

4、公务员、教学及科研方向

代表职位：公务员、教师

代表行业：交通、市政管理部门、大中专院校、科研及设计单位。

就业前景：公务员制度改革为普通大学毕业生打开了进入**机关工作的大门，路桥、建筑行业的飞速发展带来的巨大人才需要使得土木工程专业师资力量的需求随之增长，但需要注意的是，这些行业的竞争一般较为激烈，需要求职者具有较高的专业水平和综合素质。

年薪参考：高校教师：2.5万～4.5万元；中等专业学校教师：1.8万～3万元；普通公务员：2万～3.5万元。

专家建议：想要从事此类行业，一方面在校期间要学好专业课，使自己具有较高的专业水平，另一方向特别要注意理论知识的学习和个人综合素质的培养，使自己具备较高的普通话、外语、计算机水平和较好的应变能力。

At 20:45 on April 20 with the urban construction and rising highway construction, civil engineering profession continue to move up the employment situation in recent years. Find a job, for the majority of graduates is not difficult, however, the employment prospects of civil engineering with national policy and direction of economic development is closely related to the pay levels of their industry in recent years is showing a tendency of management than technology , and the shift from technology management, has also become a lot of civil engineering graduates inevitable career bottlenecks. How to stage at the university as a "money" passers-by ready to find the right career direction?

Wood soil engineering in general can be divided into road and bridge engineering and construction of two different directions, in the career, the direction of these two positions both the unity of the whole as well as the details of the specific distinction. Generally speaking, the civil engineering direction of the main jobs are as follows:
1, the direction of engineering and technology

On behalf of jobs: construction, and construction engineers, structural engineers, technical managers, project managers and so on.

On behalf of the industry: construction companies, real estate development enterprises, such as road and bridge construction enterprises.

Employment Prospects: Just like high-rise buildings we see around us is constantly where they stand, wide flat section of a road to continue to extend in all directions, the civil construction industry, engineering and technical personnel on demand also is growing. In 2004 to recruit the talent market to enter the various engineering and technical personnel to the enterprises involving a total of more than 100 industries, which in many cities in the talent market, the housing and civil engineering construction industry demand for talent has become the first. Along with economic development and transformation of the road network, urban infrastructure construction work in the deepening of civil engineering and technical personnel in the current and future demand for a certain period of time will continue to rise. In addition, road and bridge and upgrading of urban infrastructure, as long as the talent market is not over-saturated conditions, can be said to have a civil engineering and technical personnel has been a good employment prospects.

Typical career path: Construction workers / technicians - Engineers / Foreman, Section Manager - Technical Manager - Project Manager / Chief Engineer.

Annual salary of reference: Construction workers / technicians: 15,000 ~ 2.5 million; foreman: 25000 ~ 4 million; technical quality control manager: 45000 ~ 7 million; Project Manager: 50000 ~ 10 million;

Expert advice: As China's practice of constantly improving the certification system, civil engineering industry engineering and technical personnel not only need to master the professional knowledge and skill, but also need to obtain the necessary credentials to practice. Engineering and technical personnel of the relevant qualification to practice major national primary and secondary registered architect, registered civil engineer in the country, the national primary and secondary registered structural engineers. It should be noted that these qualifications are required to practice a certain number of years of relevant working experience can apply, so even if the civil engineering graduates took jobs to pay attention to the knowledge structure after the update, apply as soon as possible in order to obtain the relevant qualifications to practice. Want to pursue engineering and technical work of university students, in practice the choice of measurement on construction sites, building materials, geotechnical and road and bridge tenders of the roadbed, road, small bridge and culvert construction, surveying the work.

2, design, planning and budget direction

The representative of position: Project Designer, structural audit, urban planners, budget posts, Budget engineers.

Representatives of industry: engineering survey and design units, real estate development business, traffic or municipal engineering departments ** bodies, advisory bodies, such as project cost.

Employment Prospects: Survey and Design Institute of the various members of the engineering design of the continued growth of demand in recent years, urban planning as a new career, with the deepening of urban construction, but also the need for more modern design and planning professionals. With the rise of consulting, engineering, construction industry, such as Budget and Final Accounts of the advisory service has also become the new construction industry employment growth.

Typical career path: budget posts - budget Engineers - Senior Consultant.

Annual salary of reference: budget posts: 15000 ~ 3 million; budget Engineer: 25000 ~ 6 million; Town Planner: 40,000 ~ 70,000 yuan

Architect: 40000 ~ 10 million; total architect: 25 million yuan.

Expert recommendations: the need for such posts should be well versed not only expertise, but also requires sufficient大局观and work experience. Under normal circumstances, its pay and work experience in direct proportion. As an example to architects, contemporary architecture also requires environmental protection and sustainable development, the architect needs to have a solid foundation and broad range of experience, at the same time learn and understand in practice. At present, the market for most of the architectural design professionals require more than 5 years of work experience, have a qualified registered architect, and served as a large residential development or construction project design. Such jobs also need to obtain the appropriate credentials to practice, such as construction engineers need to register through the national organization of professional architects to get the qualifying examination, "Registered Architect Qualification Certificate" to jobs, the budget cost engineers need to obtain registration of qualified engineers or budget . In addition, such procedures also need to engage in all aspects to enhance their own self-cultivation, such as the need to be familiar with computer operation and maintenance of proficiency in the use of CAD drawing to a variety of engineering drawings as well as P3, such as the preparation of construction production planning, and some jobs such as architects need to of anthropology, aesthetics, history, and different times in different countries have a deep architectural understanding of the essence, and to be together, forging their own style. These are the times from the students began to accumulate its own culture. Internship should be possible to select a number of units and work-related, such as real estate valuation, project budget, such as engineering drawing.

3, the quality of supervision and direction of project supervision

The representative of position: Project Management Engineer

On behalf of the industry: Construction, Road & Bridge Project Management Company, ** quality supervision departments works.

Employment Prospects: The project supervision is emerging in recent years as a professional, with the construction, road and bridge construction quality control of the increasingly standardized, Commissioner of the industry since its birth on the face of unprecedented opportunities for development and project supervision system with the country's growing sound has a more broad space for development.

Typical career path: Supervisor - Data members - who are directly responsible for the project - the professional supervision engineer - chief supervision engineer.

Annual salary of reference: the site supervisors: 18,000 ~ 2.5 million; projects were directly responsible for: 25,000 to 4 million; professional supervision engineer: 30,000 ~ 5 million; the overall supervision engineer: 40,000 ~ 80,000 yuan.

Experts recommend: Project Management Industry is an emerging industry, it is also a licensing system with the combination of the industry very closely, their jobs and personal qualifications for promotion are closely related to the acquisition. In general, the supervisors need to obtain permits provincial supervisors posts, projects were directly responsible for supervision engineers need to obtain the province or permit Supervisor jobs, work experience, have a stronger ability to work. Supervision of professional engineers need to obtain permits induction provincial supervision engineers, supervision engineers need to obtain the total national registered supervision engineer professional qualification certification. Wood soil engineering college students want to enter the industry, during the school can take part in the provincial highway system, construction supervision system of organized training courses, pass the exam supervisors after induction card, then work experience with a corresponding increase in levels of practice to obtain qualification certificates. During the internship period, the option with the road and bridge construction and the direction of the direction of their school supervision in line company engaged in site supervision, measurement, data management and so on.

4, the civil service, teaching and research direction

On behalf of jobs: civil servants, teachers

Representatives of industries: transportation, municipal administration departments, colleges, scientific research and design units.

Employment prospects: civil service reform as an ordinary university graduates to enter the open door ** organs, road and bridge construction industry brought about by the rapid development of the great civil engineering professionals need to make the demand for teachers resulting growth, but needs attention is that competition in these industries generally more intense, the need for job-seekers have a high professional level and overall quality.

Annual salary of reference: University Teachers: 25,000 to 4.5 million; secondary school teachers: 18,000 ~ 3 million; ordinary civil servants: 20,000 ~ 35,000 yuan.

Expert advice: want to engage in such trades, on the one hand, during in-school courses to learn to make their own high professional standards, and the other direction with particular attention to theoretical knowledge of the overall quality of learning and personal development, so they have a higher Putonghua, foreign languages, computers and better adaptability.

我急需一篇关于土木工程的中英文翻译论文 5000字 毕业用的

English is the Civil Engineering Civil Engineering, civil engineering is literally, it is the construction of the project collectively. It means building objects that the construction on the ground, underground, water works facilities, equipment and materials to use in surveying, design construction, maintenance, repair and other professional skills. Civil Engineering with the progress of the human society, has been transformed into large integrated disciplines, it has a number of branches, such as : construction, rail projects, road projects, bridge projects, special project structure, water drainage works, the port project, water, environmental engineering disciplines. A total of six professional Civil Engineering : architecture, urban planning, civil engineering, construction and environmental engineering equipment, water drainage works and road bridge project.
Civil Engineering as an important foundation subjects, its important attribute : an integrated, social, practicality, uniformity. Civil Engineering for the development of the national economy and improve the living standards of the people provided important material and technological foundation for the revitalization of many industries played a catalytic role in the construction of fixed assets is a basic production process, the construction and real estate in many countries and regions become a pillar of the economy
Ancient Civil Engineering has a long time span, roughly 500 years before Christ from the original date in civil engineering activities to the 16 century Italian Renaissance, resulting in the rapid development of the Civil Engineering on the road today, and has experienced more than 2,000 years. During this period, due to the development of scientific theories and slow, there is no breakthrough in civil engineering practices.
Century from 17 pages to 40 years in the 20th century end of the Second World War 300 years, foreign construction made great strides. Civil Engineering has entered a phase of quantitative analysis. Some theoretical development, the emergence of new materials, new tools of invention, the Civil Engineering Science is perfection and maturity. In modern times, after the end of World War II, many countries economic takeoff, the increasing advances of modern science, so as to provide a powerful impetus to further development and material basis. People's living conditions continue to improve, more and more comfortable living environment for the inevitable in the circumstances, the construction of development directly to the Civil Engineering development.

土木工程的英文是Civil Engineering ,直译是民用工程，它是建造各种工程的统称。它既指建设的对象，即建造在地上，地下，水中的工程设施，也指应用的材料设备和进行的勘测，设计施工，保养，维修等专业技术。
土木工程随着人类社会的进步而发展，至今已经演变成为大型综合性的学科，它已经出许多分支，如：建筑工程，铁路工程，道路工程，桥梁工程，特种工程结构，给水排水工程，港口工程，水利工程，环境工程等学科。土木工程共有六个专业：建筑学，城市规划，土木工程，建筑环境与设备工程，给水排水工程和道路桥梁工程。
土木工程作为一个重要的基础学科，有其重要的属性：综合性，社会性，实践性，统一性。土木工程为国民经济的发展和人民生活的改善提供了重要的物质技术基础，对众多产业的振兴发挥了促进作用，工程建设是形成固定资产的基本生产过程，因此，建筑业和房地产成为许多国家和地区的经济支柱之一。

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古代的土木工程有很长的时间跨度，大致从公元前500年新石器时代出现原始的土木工程活动到16世纪末意大利的文艺复兴，导致土木工程走上迅速发展的道路为止，前后经历了两千多年。在这段时间内，由于科学理论发展及其缓慢，土木工程也没有突破习惯的发展。
从17世纪中页开始到20 世纪40年代第二次世界大战结束为止的300年间，国外的建筑取得了长足的进步。土木工程进入了定量分析阶段。一些理论的发展，新材料的出现，新工具的发明，都使土木工程科学日渐完善和成熟。到了近代，二战结束之后，许多国家经济起飞，现代科学日益进步，从而为进一步发展提供了强大的动力和物质基础。
人们生活水平的不断提高，必然要求越来越舒适的居住环境，在这种情况下，建筑的发展直接推动了土木工程的发展。
总的来说土木工程是一门古老的学科，它已经取得了巨大的成就，未来的土木工程将在人们的生活中占据更重要的地位。地球环境的日益恶化，人口的不断增加，人们为了争取生存，为了争取更舒适的生存环境，必将更加重视土木工程。在不久的将来，一些重大项目将会陆续兴建，插入云霄的摩天大楼，横跨大样的桥梁，更加方便的交通将不是梦想。科技的发展，以及地球不断恶化的环境必将促使土木工程向太空和海洋发展，为人类提供更广阔的生存空间。近年来，工程材料主要是钢筋，混凝土，木材和砖材，在未来，传统材料将得到改观，一些全新的更加适合建筑的材料将问世，尤其是化学合成材料将推动建筑走向更高点。同时，设计方法的精确化，设计工作的自动化，信息和智能话技术的全面引入，将会是人们有一个更加舒适的居住环境。一句话，理论的发展，新材料的出现，计算机的应用，高新技术的引入等都将使土木工程有一个新的飞跃.

求一篇有关桥梁的英语作文 200字左右

这些村庄全部都被冲走了。道路和桥梁都被破坏了，农作物也全毁了。
Entire villages have been washed away. Roads and bridges have been destroyed and crops ruined.

几周的大雨将道路和桥梁都冲垮了。
Weeks of heavy rain have washed away roads and bridges.

工程师们计算桥梁的应变和应力。
Engineers calculate the strains and stresses on a bridge.