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混凝土裂缝论文英文参考文献

发布时间:2023-02-21 09:18

混凝土裂缝论文英文参考文献

Abstract: In the modern construction of concrete plays an important role, but the concrete cracks are more common. This article analyzes the causes of concrete cracks is proposed measures to control and prevent the cracks, and curing of the concrete problems early.

Key words: concrete crack; cracks; Cracks; conservation

First, micro-cracks in concrete

Cracks in reinforced concrete structures is to work with. Rather, the hardening process of concrete in the condensation, there exist micro-cracks, because the concrete in the cement and aggregate changes in temperature and humidity conditions to produce the volume of non-uniform deformation, and they bonded together and can not free-form deformation, so the formation of mutual restraint stress; Once the cement and aggregate constraint between the stress is greater than the bond strength and tensile strength of cement itself, will produce micro-cracks.

Second, the causes of concrete cracks

Concrete cracks are the result of the development of micro-cracks. Concrete cracks for many reasons, for its part, considered to be bound by the deformation of concrete due to tensile stress than the material's sake.

1. Optional inappropriate material defects and the formation of cracks. Expired cement, aggregate excess mud, with active SiO 2 , high alkali cement, limestone aggregate, cement hydration heat and so on.

2. Construction of mishandling the formation of defects and cracks. Plastic concrete sink, was the top bar of the resistance, the formation of cracks along the reinforcement; concrete vibration is not dense, there cellular, easy to form the starting point for a variety of stress fractures; concrete mixer, transit time is too long, so that water evaporation, causing low slump concrete pouring, making the concrete volume in the mesh irregular cracks; rapid drying of concrete made when the initial curing of concrete contact with the atmosphere in the irregular mesh surface cracks; early form removal, concrete not yet established sufficient strength to impose its own components in the actual gravity load, prone to all kinds of stress cracks.

3. Because of the force components, deformation and crack formation of defects. Center tension; center compression; bending; shear; by punching; beam concrete shrinkage and temperature deformation; plate of concrete shrinkage and temperature deformation; in reinforced concrete, the tensile stress is mainly borne by the reinforced concrete is exposed stress. In plain concrete or reinforced concrete on the edges if the tensile stress within the structure there shall be to rely on concrete to bear. General design requirements in both the tensile stress does not appear or appear only very small tensile stress. However, the maximum temperature of concrete in construction to the operation of the cooling period of steady temperature, often caused by a large concrete internal tensile stress.

4. Because of environmental factors affect the formation of defects and cracks. Mainly temperature and humidity changes, the brittleness of concrete and uneven, as well as unreasonable structure, failure of raw materials (such as alkali-aggregate reaction), template deformation, differential settlement of foundation. Concrete dissolution cycles many times by the freeze, the stress generated in the concrete, and promote the development of existing cracks, loose structure, surface cracks, surface spalling or overall collapse.

Third, measures to control and prevent the cracks

1. Of cement, water, aggregate, admixtures, reinforcement materials, the improper selection of the formation of cracks on the entry of raw materials must be in accordance with national standards for strict inspection and acceptance of the approach to prevention, where the unqualified use of defective materials shall be , or reduce the level of test use; of these have occurred due to improper selection of materials defects or cracks in concrete produced must be observed in detail for the long term (due to some problems take a while to find), carefully identify its causes and Quality of the problem, study and formulate their treatment and reinforcement. This is because once occurred due to improper material selection, quality problems, often with the universal reason.

2. As long transport time of concrete mixing, pouring too fast, the vibration is not real, it is improper construction joint, move the template the formation of cracks and other reasons can follow the "concrete order" strict implementation of concrete mixing, transport, pouring, vibration pound set and the old concrete construction joint connection. Templates, and form removal, and conservation requirements to prevent, the occurrence of such cracks in the component have been, but also distinguish the type of component, component of the force characteristics of the site where the cracks and the extent of serious cracks were commonly used in concrete cracks reinforcement measures or by filling concrete, steel anchor reinforcement, and even stick steel reinforcement, prestressed reinforcement remedial measures.

3. Due to dry weather, the initial maintenance is not good, the early cold concrete and large changes in temperature and humidity of the cracks were used to enhance the natural hardening process of concrete Results conservation, conservation of heat storage, the use of air-entraining agent to uniform distribution of air bubbles inside the concrete, measures such as temperature expansion joint repair reserved. Severe cold components, some should be removed, some should be reinforced before being used.

4. Because the components have to withstand loads too wide cracks, reasonably designed to prevent the emergence of these cracks; cracks have been too broad component appears to be reinforced by strengthening measures.

5. The foundation of unequal settlement of large cracks too broad and reasonably in the design of the building when checking in the use phase of the settlement to prevent the emergence of these cracks, these cracks have occurred on the structure, to use ground-based control measures proper handling of the foundation, then building the structure reinforcement measures adopted to solve.

6. On the environmental conditions and changes in the use of the crack occurred, according to different properties to different control measures, such as:

(1) the use of temperature and humidity changes during the formation of cracks, usually difficult to eradicate, to adopt the protection of reinforced concrete measures to reduce atmospheric humidity changes of the component is appropriate;

(2) The cracks resulting from repeated freezing and thawing, in addition to defects and damage has been formed in part to be reinforced or reinforced, but should add insulation on the cold concrete measures;

(3) The corrosive medium in the resulting defects and damage a large area, in addition to corrosion and damage should be removed by the site to be reinforced or reinforced, shall use the acid water glass slag cement concrete or concrete overlay to protect;

(4) damage due to earthquake seismic structural measures should be adopted to prevent; have been generated by the earthquake damage is not severe earthquake damaged buildings may refer to repair and reinforcement of the solution to the problem.

In addition, temperature control and improved from the constraints of the two aspects. Used to improve the aggregate gradation, with a dry hard concrete, mixed with mixture, add air-entraining agent or a plasticizing agent measures to reduce the amount of cement in concrete; water when mixing concrete or gravel with water cooling to reduce the concrete pouring temperature; hot days when the pouring of concrete pouring to reduce the thickness of heat by pouring level; in the concrete laying pipes, pass into the cold water temperature; set reasonable removal time, the surface heat when temperatures plunged to avoid dramatic concrete surface temperature gradient ; Construction of Concrete Blocks and long-term exposure to surface or thin-walled structure, insulation measures taken in the cold season.

Measures to improve the constraints are: a reasonable parting block; to avoid excessive fluctuations basis; reasonable arrangements for the construction process, to avoid the excessive height and long-term exposure to the side.

In addition, to improve the performance of concrete and improve the crack resistance, enhance conservation, to prevent surface shrinkage, in particular, to ensure the quality of concrete is very important to prevent fractures, special attention should be avoided through the cracks, appears to restore its structural integrity is difficulties, so the construction should be to prevent the occurrence of cracks in the main cross-cutting.

Fourth, early curing of concrete

Practice shows that cracks in concrete common, most of the surface cracks of different depth, mainly because of the temperature gradient caused by the sudden drop in temperature in cold areas are also easy to form cracks. Therefore, the concrete surface of the insulation to prevent early cracking is particularly important. From the viewpoint of thermal stress, thermal insulation should meet the following requirements:

(1) prevent the concrete and the concrete surface temperature difference between inside and outside the gradient, to prevent surface cracks;

(2) to prevent the concrete super cool, should try to try to make concrete the construction period of not less than the minimum temperature on the stability of the temperature of concrete used;

(3) to prevent cold and old concrete to reduce the constraints between the new and old concrete. Early curing of concrete, the main purpose is to maintain proper temperature and humidity conditions in order to achieve the effect of two aspects, one of the concrete from adverse temperature and humidity deformation of the invasion, to prevent the harmful shrinkage and shrinkage. On the one hand to smooth the cement hydration in order to meet the design strength and crack resistance.

V. Conclusion

Cracks in concrete above the relationship between the various effects of the theory and practice discussed, although the academic cracks in the concrete and calculation methods are different theories, but for specific advice for prevention and improvement measures more unified, but in practice of effects are good, concrete construction depends on our seeing much comparison, more analysis after problems, and more sum up, with a variety of preventive treatment measures, concrete cracks are completely avoidable.

混凝土裂缝的预防与处理论文参考文献

有两篇,你看着修改吧

混凝土裂缝的预防与处理

混凝土的裂缝问题是一个普遍存在而又难于解决的工程实际问题,本文对混凝土工程中常见的一些裂缝问题进行了探讨分析,并针对具体情况提出了一些预防、处理措施。
一、前言
混凝土是一种由砂石骨料、水泥、水及其他外加材料混合而形成的非均质脆性材料。由于混凝土施工和本身变形、约束等一系列问题,硬化成型的混凝土中存在着众多的微孔隙、气穴和微裂缝,正是由于这些初始缺陷的存在才使混凝土呈现出一些非均质的特性。微裂缝通常是一种无害裂缝,对混凝土的承重、防渗及其他一些使用功能不产生危害。但是在混凝土受到荷载、温差等作用之后,微裂缝就会不断的扩展和连通,最终形成我们肉眼可见的宏观裂缝,也就是混凝土工程中常说的裂缝。
混凝土建筑和构件通常都是带缝工作的,由于裂缝的存在和发展通常会使内部的钢筋等材料产生腐蚀,降低钢筋混凝土材料的承载能力、耐久性及抗渗能力,影响建筑物的外观、使用寿命,严重者将会威胁到人们的生命和财产安全。很多工程的失事都是由于裂缝的不稳定发展所致。近代科学研究和大量的混凝土工程实践证明,在混凝土工程中裂缝问题是不可避免的,在一定的范围内也是可以接受的,只是要采取有效的措施将其危害程度控制在一定的范围之内。钢筋混凝土规范也明确规定[1]:有些结构在所处的不同条件下,允许存在一定宽度的裂缝。但在施工中应尽量采取有效措施控制裂缝产生,使结构尽可能不出现裂缝或尽量减少裂缝的数量和宽度,尤其要尽量避免有害裂缝的出现,从而确保工程质量。
混凝土裂缝产生的原因很多,有变形引起的裂缝:如温度变化、收缩、膨胀、不均匀沉陷等原因引起的裂缝;有外载作用引起的裂缝;有养护环境不当和化学作用引起的裂缝等等。在实际工程中要区别对待,根据实际情况解决问题。
二、 凝土工程中常见裂缝及预防
1.干缩裂缝及预防
干缩裂缝多出现在混凝土养护结束后的一段时间或是混凝土浇筑完毕后的一周左右。水泥浆中水分的蒸发会产生干缩,且这种收缩是不可逆的。干缩裂缝的产生主要是由于混凝土内外水分蒸发程度不同而导致变形不同的结果:混凝土受外部条件的影响,表面水分损失过快,变形较大,内部湿度变化较小变形较小,较大的表面干缩变形受到混凝土内部约束,产生较大拉应力而产生裂缝。相对湿度越低,水泥浆体干缩越大,干缩裂缝越易产生。干缩裂缝多为表面性的平行线状或网状浅细裂缝,宽度多在0.05~0.2mm之间,大体积混凝土中平面部位多见,较薄的梁板中多沿其短向分布。干缩裂缝通常会影响混凝土的抗渗性,引起钢筋的锈蚀影响混凝土的耐久性,在水压力的作用下会产生水力劈裂影响混凝土的承载力等等。混凝土干缩主要和混凝土的水灰比、水泥的成分、水泥的用量、集料的性质和用量、外加剂的用量等有关。
主要预防措施:一是选用收缩量较小的水泥,一般采用中低热水泥和粉煤灰水泥,降低水泥的用量。二是混凝土的干缩受水灰比的影响较大,水灰比越大,干缩越大,因此在混凝土配合比设计中应尽量控制好水灰比的选用,同时掺加合适的减水剂。三是严格控制混凝土搅拌和施工中的配合比,混凝土的用水量绝对不能大于配合比设计所给定的用水量。四是加强混凝土的早期养护,并适当延长混凝土的养护时间。冬季施工时要适当延长混凝土保温覆盖时间,并涂刷养护剂养护。五是在混凝土结构中设置合适的收缩缝。
2.塑性收缩裂缝及预防
塑性收缩是指混凝土在凝结之前,表面因失水较快而产生的收缩。塑性收缩裂缝一般在干热或大风天气出现,裂缝多呈中间宽、两端细且长短不一,互不连贯状态。较短的裂缝一般长20~30cm,较长的裂缝可达2~3m,宽1~5mm。其产生的主要原因为:混凝土在终凝前几乎没有强度或强度很小,或者混凝土刚刚终凝而强度很小时,受高温或较大风力的影响,混凝土表面失水过快,造成毛细管中产生较大的负压而使混凝土体积急剧收缩,而此时混凝土的强度又无法抵抗其本身收缩,因此产生龟裂。影响混凝土塑性收缩开裂的主要因素有水灰比、混凝土的凝结时间、环境温度、风速、相对湿度等等。主要预防措施:一是选用干缩值较小早期强度较高的硅酸盐或普通硅酸盐水泥。二是严格控制水灰比,掺加高效减水剂来增加混凝土的坍落度和和易性,减少水泥及水的用量。三是浇筑混凝土之前,将基层和模板浇水均匀湿透。四是及时覆盖塑料薄膜或者潮湿的草垫、麻片等,保持混凝土终凝前表面湿润,或者在混凝土表面喷洒养护剂等进行养护。五是在高温和大风天气要设置遮阳和挡风设施,及时养护。
3.沉陷裂缝及预防
沉陷裂缝的产生是由于结构地基土质不匀、松软,或回填土不实或浸水而造成不均匀沉降所致;或者因为模板刚度不足,模板支撑间距过大或支撑底部松动等导致,特别是在冬季,模板支撑在冻土上,冻土化冻后产生不均匀沉降,致使混凝土结构产生裂缝。此类裂缝多为深进或贯穿性裂缝,其走向与沉陷情况有关,一般沿与地面垂直或呈30°~45°角方向发展,较大的沉陷裂缝,往往有一定的错位,裂缝宽度往往与沉降量成正比关系。裂缝宽度受温度变化的影响较小。地基变形稳定之后,沉陷裂缝也基本趋于稳定。
主要预防措施:一是对松软土、填土地基在上部结构施工前应进行必要的夯实和加固。二是保证模板有足够的强度和刚度,且支撑牢固,并使地基受力均匀。三是防止混凝土浇灌过程中地基被水浸泡。四是模板拆除的时间不能太早,且要注意拆模的先后次序。五是在冻土上搭设模板时要注意采取一定的预防措施。
4.温度裂缝及预防
温度裂缝多发生在大体积混凝土表面或温差变化较大地区的混凝土结构中。混凝土浇筑后,在硬化过程中,水泥水化产生大量的水化热,(当水泥用量在350~550 kg/m3,每立方米混凝土将释放出17500~27500kJ的热量,从而使混凝土内部温度升达70℃左右甚至更高)。由于混凝土的体积较大,大量的水化热聚积在混凝土内部而不易散发,导致内部温度急剧上升,而混凝土表面散热较快,这样就形成内外的较大温差,较大的温差造成内部与外部热胀冷缩的程度不同,使混凝土表面产生一定的拉应力(实践证明当混凝土本身温差达到25℃~26℃时,混凝土内便会产生大致在10MPa左右的拉应力)。当拉应力超过混凝土的抗拉强度极限时,混凝土表面就会产生裂缝,这种裂缝多发生在混凝土施工中后期。在混凝土的施工中当温差变化较大,或者是混凝土受到寒潮的袭击等,会导致混凝土表面温度急剧下降,而产生收缩,表面收缩的混凝土受内部混凝土的约束,将产生很大的拉应力而产生裂缝,这种裂缝通常只在混凝土表面较浅的范围内产生。
温度裂缝的走向通常无一定规律,大面积结构裂缝常纵横交错;梁板类长度尺寸较大的结构,裂缝多平行于短边;深入和贯穿性的温度裂缝一般与短边方向平行或接近平行,裂缝沿着长边分段出现,中间较密。裂缝宽度大小不一,受温度变化影响较为明显,冬季较宽,夏季较窄。高温膨胀引起的混凝土温度裂缝是通常中间粗两端细,而冷缩裂缝的粗细变化不太明显。此种裂缝的出现会引起钢筋的锈蚀,混凝土的碳化,降低混凝土的抗冻融、抗疲劳及抗渗能力等。
主要预防措施:一是尽量选用低热或中热水泥,如矿渣水泥、粉煤灰水泥等。二是减少水泥用量,将水泥用量尽量控制在450kg/m3以下。三是降低水灰比,一般混凝土的水灰比控制在0.6以下。四是改善骨料级配,掺加粉煤灰或高效减水剂等来减少水泥用量,降低水化热。五是改善混凝土的搅拌加工工艺,在传统的三冷技术的基础上采用二次风冷新工艺,降低混凝土的浇筑温度。六是在混凝土中掺加一定量的具有减水、增塑、缓凝等作用的外加剂,改善混凝土拌合物的流动性、保水性,降低水化热,推迟热峰的出现时间。七是高温季节浇筑时可以采用搭设遮阳板等辅助措施控制混凝土的温升,降低浇筑混凝土的温度。八是大体积混凝土的温度应力与结构尺寸相关,混凝土结构尺寸越大,温度应力越大,因此要合理安排施工工序,分层、分块浇筑,以利于散热,减小约束。九是在大体积混凝土内部设置冷却管道,通冷水或者冷气冷却,减小混凝土的内外温差。十是加强混凝土温度的监控,及时采取冷却、保护措施。十一是预留温度收缩缝。十二是减小约束,浇筑混凝土前宜在基岩和老混凝土上铺设5mm左右的砂垫层或使用沥青等材料涂刷。十三是加强混凝土养护,混凝土浇筑后,及时用湿润的草帘、麻片等覆盖,并注意洒水养护,适当延长养护时间,保证混凝土表面缓慢冷却。在寒冷季节,混凝土表面应设置保温措施,以防止寒潮袭击。十四是混凝土中配置少量的钢筋或者掺入纤维材料将混凝土的温度裂缝控制在一定的范围之内。

5.化学反应引起的裂缝及预防
碱骨料反应裂缝和钢筋锈蚀引起的裂缝是钢筋混凝土结构中最常见的由于化学反应而引起的裂缝。
混凝土拌和后会产生一些碱性离子,这些离子与某些活性骨料产生化学反应并吸收周围环境中的水而体积增大,造成混凝土酥松、膨胀开裂。这种裂缝一般出现中混凝土结构使用期间,一旦出现很难补救,因此应在施工中采取有效措施进行预防。主要的预防措施:一是选用碱活性小的砂石骨料。二是选用低碱水泥和低碱或无碱的外加剂。三是选用合适的掺和料抑制碱骨料反应。
由于混凝土浇筑、振捣不良或者是钢筋保护层较薄,有害物质进入混凝土使钢筋产生锈蚀,锈蚀的钢筋体积膨胀,导致混凝土胀裂,此种类型的裂缝多为纵向裂缝,沿钢筋的位置出现。通常的预防措施有:一是保证钢筋保护层的厚度。二是混凝土级配要良好。三是混凝土浇注要振捣密实。四是钢筋表层涂刷防腐涂料。
三、裂缝处理
裂缝的出现不但会影响结构的整体性和刚度,还会引起钢筋的锈蚀、加速混凝土的碳化、降低混凝土的耐久性和抗疲劳、抗渗能力。因此根据裂缝的性质和具体情况我们要区别对待、及时处理,以保证建筑物的安全使用。
混凝土裂缝的修补措施主要有以下一些方法:表面修补法,灌浆、嵌逢封堵法,结构加固法,混凝土置换法,电化学防护法以及仿生自愈合法。
1.表面修补法
表面修补法是一种简单、常见的修补方法,它主要适用于稳定和对结构承载能力没有影响的表面裂缝以及深进裂缝的处理。通常的处理措施是在裂缝的表面涂抹水泥浆、环氧胶泥或在混凝土表面涂刷油漆、沥青等防腐材料,在防护的同时为了防止混凝土受各种作用的影响继续开裂,通常可以采用在裂缝的表面粘贴玻璃纤维布等措施。
2.灌浆、嵌逢封堵法
灌浆法主要适用于对结构整体性有影响或有防渗要求的混凝土裂缝的修补,它是利用压力设备将胶结材料压入混凝土的裂缝中,胶结材料硬化后与混凝土形成一个整体,从而起到封堵加固的目的。常用的胶结材料有水泥浆、环氧树脂、甲基丙烯酸酯、聚氨酯等化学材料。
嵌缝法是裂缝封堵中最常用的一种方法,它通常是沿裂缝凿槽,在槽中嵌填塑性或刚性止水材料,以达到封闭裂缝的目的。常用的塑性材料有聚氯乙烯胶泥、塑料油膏、丁基橡胶等等;常用的刚性止水材料为聚合物水泥砂浆。
3.结构加固法
当裂缝影响到混凝土结构的性能时,就要考虑采取加固法对混凝土结构进行处理。结构加固中常用的主要有以下几种方法:加大混凝土结构的截面面积,在构件的角部外包型钢、采用预应力法加固、粘贴钢板加固、增设支点加固以及喷射混凝土补强加固。
4.混凝土置换法
混凝土置换法是处理严重损坏混凝土的一种有效方法,此方法是先将损坏的混凝土剔除,然后再置换入新的混凝土或其他材料。常用的置换材料有:普通混凝土或水泥砂浆、聚合物或改性聚合物混凝土或砂浆。
5.电化学防护法
电化学防腐是利用施加电场在介质中的电化学作用,改变混凝土或钢筋混凝土所处的环境状态,钝化钢筋,以达到防腐的目的。阴极防护法、氯盐提取法、碱性复原法是化学防护法中常用而有效的三种方法。这种方法的优点是防护方法受环境因素的影响较小,适用钢筋、混凝土的长期防腐,既可用于已裂结构也可用于新建结构。
6.仿生自愈合法
仿生自愈合法是一种新的裂缝处理方法,它模仿生物组织对受创伤部位自动分泌某种物质,而使创伤部位得到愈合的机能,在混凝土的传统组分中加入某些特殊组分(如含粘结剂的液芯纤维或胶囊),在混凝土内部形成智能型仿生自愈合神经网络系统,当混凝土出现裂缝时分泌出部分液芯纤维可使裂缝重新愈合[4]。
四、结 论
裂缝是混凝土结构中普遍存在的一种现象,它的出现不仅会降低建筑物的抗渗能力,影响建筑物的使用功能,而且会引起钢筋的锈蚀,混凝土的碳化,降低材料的耐久性,影响建筑物的承载能力,因此要对混凝土裂缝进行认真研究、区别对待,采用合理的方法进行处理,并在施工中采取各种有效的预防措施来预防裂缝的出现和发展,保证建筑物和构件安全、稳定地工作。

有关《混凝土路面裂缝产生的原因及防治》有哪些参考文献及书籍

参考文献
[1]徐荣年,徐欣磊.工程结构裂缝控制——“王铁梦法”应用事例集[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2005.
[2]何星华,高小旺.建筑工程裂缝防治指南[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2005.
[3]韩素芳,耿维恕.钢筋混泥土结构裂缝控制指南[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2005,12.
[4]过镇海,时旭东.钢筋混凝土原理和分析[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2003,5.
[5]曲德仁.混凝土质量控制[M].北京:中国工业出版社,2003.
[6]鞠丽艳.混凝土裂缝抑制措施的研究进展[M]. 北京:清华大学出版社,2002. 5.
[7]郭仕万,肖欣,赵和平.混凝土施工中的裂缝控制[M]. 北京: 中国农业出版社,2000.11.
[8]鞠丽艳,张雄.混凝土裂缝防治的两种新方法[M]. 北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2002. 7.
[9]杨绍林,田加才,田丽.新编混凝土配合比使用手册[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2002.116-130.

关于混凝土裂缝的参考文献

混凝土裂缝限制标准[1]
混凝土的裂缝是不可避免的,其微观裂缝是本身物理力学性质决定的,
但它的有害程度是可以控制的,有害程度的标准是根据使用条件决定的。目前世界各国的规定不完全一致,但大致相同。如从结构耐久性要求、承载力要求及正常使用要求,最严格的允许裂缝宽度为0.1mm。近年来,许多国家已根据大量试验与泵送混凝土的经验将其放宽到0.2mm。当结构所处的环境正常,保护层厚度满足设计要求,无侵蚀介质,钢筋混凝土裂缝宽度可放宽至0.4mm;在湿气及土中为 0.3mm;在海水及干湿交替中为0.15mm。沿钢筋的顺筋裂缝有害程度高,必须处理。
近年来预应力混凝土应用范围逐渐推广到更多的结构领域,如大跨超长、超厚及超静定框架结构,其混凝土强度等级必须提高至C50。在采用泵送条件下,其收缩与水化热大大增加,约束应力裂缝很难避免,张拉前开裂,张拉后又不闭合,裂缝控制的难度更加困难。预应力结构裂缝允许宽度是严格的,预应力筋腐蚀属“应力腐蚀”并有可能脆性断裂,预兆性较小,裂缝扩展速度快。裂缝深度h与结构厚度H的关系如下:h≤0.1H表面裂缝;0.1H<h<0.5H浅层裂缝;0.5H≤h<1.0H纵深裂缝;h=H贯穿裂缝。
应当尽量避免贯穿性及纵深裂缝,如出现该种裂缝应采取化学灌浆处理来保证强度,即贯缝抗拉强度必须超过混凝土抗拉强度。
早期裂缝一般出现在一个月之内,中期裂缝约在6个月之内,其后1~2年或更长时间属于后期裂缝。
混凝土裂缝原因分析
在修补裂缝前应全面考虑与之相关的各种影响因素,仔细研究产生裂缝的原因,裂缝是否已经稳定,若仍处于发展过程,要估计该裂缝发展的最终状态。在日本混凝土协会“混凝土裂缝的调查和修补指南”中,对调查的原则、普查、详查方法均作了详细规定,主要有:
裂缝的现状调查(裂缝类型和宽度);有无病害(漏水、钢筋锈蚀);产生裂缝的经过(发生时间和过程);设计书的检查;施工记录的检查;根据混凝土钻芯检查构件的强度、厚度;荷载调查;中性化试验;钢筋调查(钢筋位置、细筋数量及有无锈蚀);地基调查;混凝土分析;荷载试验;振动试验。
混凝土裂缝的处理
1.表面处理法:包括表面涂抹和表面贴补法
表面涂抹适用范围是浆材难以灌入的细而浅的裂缝,深度未达到钢筋表面的发丝裂缝,不漏水的缝,不伸缩的裂缝以及不再活动的裂缝。表面贴补(土工膜或其它防水片)法适用于大面积漏水(蜂窝麻面等或不易确定具体漏水位置、变形缝)的防渗堵漏
2.填充法
用修补材料直接填充裂缝,一般用来修补较宽的裂缝(〉0.3mm),作业简单,费用低。宽度小于0.3mm,深度较浅的裂缝、或是裂缝中有充填物,用灌浆法很难达到效果的裂缝、以及小规模裂缝的简易处理可采取开V型槽,然后作填充处理。
3.灌浆法
此法应用范围广,从细微裂缝到大裂缝均可适用,处理效果好。
4.结构补强法
因超荷载产生的裂缝、裂缝长时间不处理导致的混凝土耐久性降低、火灾造成的裂缝等影响结构强度可采取结构补强法。包括断面补强法、锚固补强法、预应力法等混凝土裂缝处理效果的检查包括修补材料试验;钻心取样试验;压水试验;压气试验等。
参考文献:
1.王铁梦.工程结构裂缝控制的综合方法.施工技术.2000(5).5-9

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