工程造价论文3000字英文

工程造价论文3000字英文

一看就是毕业论文~！！！！
Engineering cost management
Project cost control emphasis should be transferred to the project construction early days, is transferred to the project decision and design stage. Project cost control in construction projects throughout the entire process, the key lies in the pre construction investment decision-making with design phase, whereas in the investment decision is made, the key lies in designing. According to expert analysis: architectural design, in the preliminary design stage, design stage, construction design stage to the engineering effect were 75% ~ 95%, 35% ~ 75%, 5% ~ 35%; while in the construction phase, through the optimization of construction organization design, construction cost saving the possibility of only 5% to 10%. We should put the focus shifted to the design stage, in order to get twice the result with half the effort.
Pay attention to the technical and economic optimization combination. The combination of technology with economy is most effective way to control engineering cost. China engineering fields for a long time did not do this. The lack of technical personnel economy idea, design thought is conservative, the design of the outcome of the economy are not fully reflect. Therefore, we should solve the problem is to improve economic efficiency as the goal, in the construction process, organization, technology and economy organic ground union rises. Through the economic analysis, comparative study and effect evaluation, correct processing of advanced technology and reasonable in economy between the relation of unity of opposites, strive to advanced technology under the conditions of economic rational, reasonable in economy based on advanced technology.
Carry out "limitation is designed" method. To be consciously put the application of value engineering to the specific design, actively promote quota design in engineering design contract, by way of bidding. This has been proven in practice is an effective way, it is not only an economic problem, more precisely a technical and economic problems. This "limitation is designed" to effectively control the project cost. In order to make the "limitation is designed" to achieve the desired objectives, should be involved in the design personnel must be experienced skilled economic designer. Their design results must be practical, advanced and reasonable cost. Control of engineering cost on the other hand is the need for comparison, because the outcome is a process of gradual improvement, and not to decide, so the comparison is a measure of its practical, advanced and economical means.
Do good project cost control in the process. ( 1) compilation of economic and feasible construction scheme. Before construction, construction enterprises should be combined with the construction drawings and the actual situation at the scene, their mechanical equipment, construction experience, the management level and technical specification acceptance criteria, a set of practical and feasible construction scheme. The construction scheme is engineering implementation of the programme of action. ( 2) to technical personnel, materials, machinery and personnel staff communication and coordination. In the process of construction, construction technology, materials and mechanical personnel should cooperate closely, understand each other, to management as the core, to reduce costs for the purpose of. ( 3) to the project completion settlement. Strict supervision system. Control project cost effectively, in the early phase of the project shall be subject to supervision (including cost management ) system. Through analyzing the design process of supervision, make the design more reasonable, cost control to limit the scope of, accomplish truly with the smallest investment maximize output.
Strict supervision system. Control project cost effectively, in the early phase of the project shall be subject to supervision (including cost management ) system. Through analyzing the design process of supervision, make the design more reasonable, cost control to limit the scope of, accomplish truly with the smallest investment maximize output.
To establish and perfect the independent project cost advisory body, cultivate a Zhi De have both engineering team. To establish a real sense of independent engineering cost consulting agencies. Through improving the laws and regulations, normative behavior, separate government functions from enterprise management, the establishment of independent business partnership, share-holding system, the limited responsibility system and other forms of organization, an industry-based, diversified services integrated project consulting company, build and development and reform the engineering cost intermediary service institutions, make construction project management of a gradual transition by an independent specialized agency in charge of project cost whole process tracking management, truly between owner and contractor plays an intermediary role. To strengthen engineering cost consulting industry association construction, establish project cost consulting industry self-discipline mechanism, and constantly improve the Engineering Cost Association in engineering cost consulting industry status, to be truly representative of the interests of the majority of the industry practitioners, government and enterprises to become connection link and the bridge. At the same time to strengthen the project cost specialty in higher education and in service education. As a result of project cost management in construction projects and various economic interests are closely related, and the whole social economic activities play a very important role, it requires the cost engineering technical personnel should have different levels of knowledge, in addition to their professional knowledge and have a deep understanding, also deal with the design content, design process, construction technology, project management, economic laws and regulations have a comprehensive understanding of. Therefore, the project cost management, project cost per unit of society groups, has already obtained a cost engineer qualification personnel, in order to carry out plan, has the goal, multiple levels of continuing education and training, to understand and master Chinese bilateral agreements with countries project cost technology, regulations, management system and its development trend, to expand domestic and foreign exchanges, and actively participate in international or regional engineering activities, improve their professional quality, so that the current practitioners in intelligent
structure, theory and working experience three aspects can meet the needs of engineering cost management. Cost engineering professionals need to strengthen their own learning, in addition to the professional knowledge to upgrade, should also work in combination with a broad understanding and master the relevant engineering and technical expertise, educational organizations and industry regulatory bodies constitute a complete education system, so as to the field of engineering senior talent development to create good conditions.

高分求有关工程造价或项目管理或预算的英文论文

5. Cost Estimation
5.1 Costs Associated with Constructed Facilities
The costs of a constructed facility to the owner include both the initial capital cost and the subsequent operation and maintenance costs. Each of these major cost categories consists of a number of cost components.
The capital cost for a construction project includes the expenses related to the inital establishment of the facility:

Land acquisition, including assembly, holding and improvement
Planning and feasibility studies
Architectural and engineering design
Construction, including materials, equipment and labor
Field supervision of construction
Construction financing
Insurance and taxes during construction
Owner's general office overhead
Equipment and furnishings not included in construction
Inspection and testing
The operation and maintenance cost in subsequent years over the project life cycle includes the following expenses:
Land rent, if applicable
Operating staff
Labor and material for maintenance and repairs
Periodic renovations
Insurance and taxes
Financing costs
Utilities
Owner's other expenses

输入限制，不能全部发给你，参考以下网址

或交流，还有很多，不能全部收录。

Project Management and Cost
Jim Sloman
Chief Executive and Director
MI Associates
Former Chief Operating Officer
Sydney Organising Committee for the Olympic Games
Australia

这篇的长度合适PDF8页

求有关工程造价的职业规划的论文 要求3000字以上~！

大学生职业生涯规划书范文(工程造价专业)
个人资料：
真实姓名：
性别：
年龄：
籍贯：
所在学校及学院：
班级及专业：
对职业规划的认识
记得看过一本书，书的作者是一名职业设计师，这样的工作在中国似乎还没有。他们的工作是帮助人们找到最适合自己能力发展的、最能有幸福感的工作。看到书中很多因为做了不喜欢的工作或是对职业前景迷茫的人，我不尽也在思考如何找到一个适合自己发展的工作呢？
我是一个绝对的以兴趣为导向的人，对我来说做一个自己不喜欢的工作是最痛苦的。那如何找到最适合自己的，同时对此有浓厚兴趣的工作呢？这一切的疑惑将我引到了职业规划的面前。与其在进入职场后叹息迷茫，不如现在进行职业规划的探索。职业规划是要依据个人的特殊情况、特殊才能，考虑社会背景等多方面主客观因素，结合职业发展的阶段，提出相应的发展目标、拟定实现目标的工作和教育的一个综合体系。做一个适合自己的、合乎现实的职业规划，不仅能帮助我们学生在进入职场时省时省力，还能帮助我们能健康发展职业能力。在大学阶段，为自己规划一条职业之路是很有帮助的。
一、自我盘点：
我是学习工程造价专业，英语水平可以，能流利沟通；造价专业扎实，略通经贸知识；具有较强的人际沟通能力；思维敏捷，表达较流畅；在大学期间担任学生干部，有较强的组织协调能力；有很强的学习能力。很有热情为自己的将来奋斗.
（1)学历目标：大专毕业(以后有必要了 还有要"充电")。
(2) 方 向：企业高级管理人员 建立自己的公司(建筑)
二．社会环境规划和职业分析（三年规划）
1、社会一般环境
　　中国政治稳定，经济持续发展。在全球经济一体化环境中的重要角色。经济发展有强劲的势头，加入WTO后，会有大批的外国企业进入中国市场，中国的企业也将走出国门。
2建筑职业特殊社会环境
　　由于中国的建筑科学发展较晚，建筑知识大部分源于国外，中国的建筑管理还有许多不完善的地方。中国急需建筑人才，尤其是经过系统培训的高级建筑人才。因此企业建筑职业市场广阔
三.大学三年规划:
一年级:为试探期和定向期:首先要适应由高中生到大学生的角色转变，重新确定自己的学习目标和要求；其次，要开始接触职业和职业生涯的概念，特别要重点了解自己未来所希望从事的职业或与自己所学专业对口的职业，进行初步的职业生涯设计；熟悉环境，建立新的人际关系，提高交际沟通能力，在职业认识方面可以向高年级学生尤其是大三的毕业生询问就业情况；积极参加各种各样的社团活动，增加交流技巧；在学习方面，要巩固扎实专业基础知识，加强英语.计算机能力的培养，掌握现代职业者所应具备的最基本技能；要初步了解职业,提高人际沟通能力。大一学习任务不重,应多参加学校活动,增加交流技巧,但不要盲目地参加。 在定向期,
。因为临近毕业，所以目标应锁定在提高求职技能、搜集公司应考虑未来是否深造或就业,通过参加学生会或社团等组织,锻炼自己的能力,同时检验自己的知识技能;提高自己的责任感,主动性和受挫能力,并开始有选择地辅修其他专业的知识来填充自己。
二年级:为准备期.加强专业知识学习的同时，考取与目标职业有关的职业资格证书或相应地通过职业技能鉴定信息上。参加与专业有关的暑期工作，和同学交流求职工作心得体会，学习写简历、求职信等求职技巧，了解搜集就业信息的渠道，并确定自己是否要升本或考研。要积极锻炼自己得到独立解决问题的能力和创造性;积极常识并加入校友网络,了解往年的求职情况。
三年级:为分化期(冲刺就业):目标应锁定在工作申请及成功就业上.这时可先对前两年的准备做一个总结:首先检验自己已确立的职业目标是否明确,前两年的准备是否充分;然后开始毕业后工作的申请,积极参加招聘活动,在实践中检验自己的积累和准备;最后,预习或模拟面试。积极利用学校提供的条件,强化求职技巧,进行模拟面试等训练,尽可能地做出充分准备。在撰写毕业论文的时，可大胆提自己的见解，锻炼自己独立解决问题的能力和创造性。另外，要重视实习机会，通过实习从宏观上了解单位的工作方式、运转模式、工作流程，从微观上明确个人在岗位上的职责要求及规范，为正式走上工作岗位奠定良好的基础。
四.目标分解与目标组合](毕业五年计划)
（1） 目标分解：目标可分解成两个大的目标—— 一个是顺利毕业，一个是成为一个有一家公司的建筑方面的技术人员。

对于第一个目标，又可分解为把专业课学好和把选修课学好，以便修完足够的学分，顺利毕业。接下来，还可以细分：在专业课程中，如何学好每一门课程(精通一两门自己喜欢的课,如建筑力学)；在选修课程中，需要选择哪些课程，如何学好…….
对于第二目标，又可分解为接触社会阶段，了解市场阶段、熟悉公司运营阶段。接下来，还可以细分：在接触社会阶段，要采用什么办法，和哪些公司保持联系.如何锻炼自己…….
（2） 目标组合：顺利毕业的前提是学好专业课程，而专业课程的学习则对职业目标（成为一个有一家公司的 建筑方面的 技术人员）有促进作用。
五．成功标准
　　我的成功标准是个人事务、职业生涯、家庭生活的协调发展。
　　只要自己尽心尽力，能力也得到了发挥，每个阶段都有了切实的自我提高，即使目标没有实现（特别是收入目标）我也不会觉得失败，给自己太多的压力本身就是一件失败的事情。
　　为了家庭牺牲职业目标的实现，我不这样认为。在30岁之前有自己的家庭就可以了 .
六：对大学生就业规划的认识:
当今社会处在变革的时代，到处充满着激烈的竞争。物竞天择，适者生存。职业活动的竞争非常突出，尤其是我国加入WTO后。要想在这场激烈的竞争中脱颖而出并保持立于不败之地，必须设计好自己的职业生涯规划。这样才能做到心中有数，不打无准备之仗。而不少应届大学毕业生不是首先坐下来做好自己的职业生涯规划，而是拿着简历与求职书到处乱跑，总想会撞到好运气找到好工作。结果是浪费了大量的时间、精力与资金，到头来感叹招聘单位是有眼无珠，不能“慧眼识英雄”，叹息自己英雄无用武之地。这部分大学毕业生没有充分认识到职业生涯规划的意义与重要性，认为找到理想的工作*的是学识、业绩、耐心、关系、口才等条件，认为职业生涯规划纯属纸上谈兵，简直是耽误时间，有那时间还不如多跑两家招聘单位。这是一种错误的理念，实际上未雨绸缪，先做好职业生涯规划，磨刀不误砍柴工，有了清晰的认识与明确的目标之后再把求职活动付诸实践，这样的效果要好得多，也更经济、更科学。
大学生要对职业进行物质、心理、知识、技能等各方面充分的准备，还要根据各方面的分析与自己的职业锚合理客观地对职业做出选择。对即将踏入的职业活动要有一定的合理的心理预期，包括工作的性质、劳动强度、工作时间、工作方式、同事以及上下级关系都要快速适应，迅速成为一个成功的职业者。

结束语：通过对职业自我的分析和职业信息的搜索，我对自己、对职业有了一个初步的了解。通过将职业自我和职业信息的匹配，我初步判断出自己的优势领域和合适的工作方向。进一步规划，让我对适合自己的行业和公司类型有了了解。思索自己的职业环境要求和职业目标计划，让我对职业有了一个细致的描绘。现在我比较清晰的理清了自己的职业系统，进行了相应的职业规划，拨开迷雾，第一次清晰地看到了自己的职业之路。但是我也了解现实变化很多，不可能完全按照自己的职业规划进行，所以我有了心理准备，面对不同的情况适时调整职业规划的细节，长期目标是明晰的，职业自我系统是明确的。我会有原则的根据现实实施自己的职业规划。

跪求土木工程英语论文啊 3000字左右 就5分 全给了啊

你好的！
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【友情提示】==================论文写作方法===========================

{首先就不要有马上毕业，最后一次花点钱就得了的想法}

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