循环水与流水养殖论文

循环水与流水养殖论文

　　一、什么是水产生态养殖
　　养鱼的朋友都知道，我们养鱼的鱼塘是一个复杂的生态系统。水面以上有阳光，空气；塘基上有陆生植物；水是有鱼、有各种水生植物、昆虫、蚤类、藻类、真菌、细菌、病毒、以及有机物和无机盐。池底有淤泥，同样也生长得上述生物及有机物和无机盐。它们之间存在着相养、相生、相帮、相克等极其复杂的关系，生态养殖就是合理利用它们之间的相生、相养、相帮、相克的关系，生产我们所需要的水产品。合理利用它们之间的关系，不管是从经济效益还是社全效益和环境效益，都能达到一个最好的结果，这就是生态养殖。
　　二、什么是绿色无公害水产品
　　首先，养殖基地必须经过认证，其中最主要的是大气、土壤、水质必须符合《农产品安全质量----水产品产地环境要求》国家标准和《无公害食品淡水养殖用水水质》农业部标准的要求；其次，必须按照无公害水产品的生产技术操作规程进行养殖，从苗种放养到饲料、肥料、渔药等一切投入品的使用，再到产品的捕捞、贮运、质检、包袋、上市的各个环节均需符合相关标准或规范的要求；第三，产品必须经过政府指定的权威质检机构的抽检、完全合格并颁证后方能进入市场销售。
　　三、水产生态养殖有何意义
　　1，环境效益：传统的养殖模式，不但用水量大，而且施用的大剂量的国家违禁药品，如硫酸铜、孔雀石绿、敌百虫、呋喃类药等，随着大量换水，对坏境造成很大的破坏。同时对于鱼塘底质也造成难以估量的损害，使鱼塘生态环境遭到极大的破坏，恶性病源微生物大量增殖。生产的水产品通过食物链的扩散，不但对人的健康造成了损害，对环境的破环也是巨大的。
　　2，社会效益：随着人民生活水平的提高，人们环保意思的加强，人们更加注重食品安全性，加上我国加入WTO，水产品要进入国际市场，必须达到别国的食品安全标准，因此，为了国人的身体健康，和中国水产品出口的高额利润，必须执行生态养殖。
　　3，经济效益：传统的养殖模式，已经造成了鱼池微生物菌群严重失衡，病原微生物巨增，抗药性增强，养鱼户不得不加大药物用量，结果鱼病治不好，鱼体受伤，产量锐减，品质下降，成本增加，泛塘事件屡屡发生。这就是我们大通湖及周边地区常规鱼养殖户放弃养鱼，鱼塘种棉花怪现像发生的主要原因。湖北养鱼户率先应用了微生物制剂生态养殖法，已产生了可喜的成绩，他们生产的草鱼以低于我地每公斤1元的绝对优势，占领着湖南岳阳鲜鱼市场和其它湖南部份鲜鱼市场。在黄鳝养殖上也是用药泡着，隔三差五施药，严重影响了黄鳝的生长和产品品质，使养殖成本居高不下。更有甚者，越冬黄鳝成箱成箱的死亡，给我们不施执生态养殖敲响了警钟。我们养殖户必须改变生产观念！走出传统养殖模式的怪圈。
　　四，倡导生态养殖的可行性
　　随着我国水产科学的进步，已经为生态养殖研究出了系统的技术，制定了科学的标准，同时也研究出了适合生态养殖的高效、低残留、低剂量的水产用药，特别中成药和中药提取物，和有益微生物制剂天意EM原露，深圳希科安公司生产的动物强壮剂饲料添加剂-活力素。更是我们施执生态养殖有了足够的保障。广东的亩产草鱼过吨半的事例，同样也可以作为生态养殖的可行性的佐证。
　　五、怎样实行生态养殖
　　生态养殖包含的范畴很宽，它主要有如下几种。(一)人工生态环境养殖法。(二)多品种立体养殖法。(三)开放式流水或微流水养殖法。(四)全封闭循环水工厂化养殖法。(五)水产品与农作物共生互利养殖法。(六)使用微生物制剂养殖法。因为篇幅的限制，我这里不能作一一的阐述，就着重对使用微生物制剂法加以说明，如果对前五种方法感兴趣的朋友，请到我部咨询。 什么是微生物制剂养殖法：近10年来，微生物活菌制剂逐渐在水产养殖中得到应用推广，这给无公害健康养殖生产提供了有力的保障。目前较多使用的产品有光合细菌制剂，芽胞杆菌、乳酸杆菌制剂，天意EM原露等。他们能分解水体中的残饵、鱼粪等有机质，降低水中的氨氮含量，使养殖水体变清洁，从而改善了环境；他们能改善养殖对象的胃肠道内环境，增强食欲，促进生长，提高饲料报酬；他们还能强化养殖对象的免疫功能，提高免疫力，增强抗病能力；还能强化有益菌群，防止和减少细菌性疾病的发生与蔓延。

　　I. What is the aquatic eco-farming
　　Fish friends are aware that we fish ponds is a complex ecosystem. The sun above the water, air; Tong have land-based plants; water is a fish, a variety of aquatic plants, insects, fleas, algae, fungi, bacteria, viruses, and organic and inorganic salts. Mud bottom there is also growing these organisms and organic and inorganic salts. Between them there is a phase dependent, with students such as grams of extremely complex relations, ecological farming is the rational use of their students with dependents,compared the relationship between grams, production of aquatic products we need. Rational use of the relations between them, whether from economic or social benefits and environmental benefits the whole, to achieve the best results, this is the eco-culture.
　　Second, what is the green pollution-free aquatic
　　First of all, the breeding base to be certified, of which the most important thing is the atmosphere, soil, water quality must be consistent with "the quality safety of agricultural products ---- environmental requirements of aquatic origin," National Institute of Standards and "pollution-free water for the water quality of freshwater aquaculture products," the Ministry of Agriculture standards requirements; Second, pollution-free aquatic products in accordance with the rules of production technologies for breeding, from fry stocking to feed, fertilizer, Drugs, such as the use of all inputs, to fishing products, storage and transportation, quality inspection, bag listed to comply with all aspects of the relevant standards or norms; the third, the product must go through the authority designated by the Government of the sampling inspection agencies, fully qualified and licensing in order to enter the market after the sale.
　　Third, what is the significance of aquatic eco-farming
　　1, environmental benefits: the traditional mode of farming, not only large quantities of water, and the application of large doses of countries banned substances, such as copper, malachite green, trichlorfon, furans and other drugs, with a large number of the water, on the bad habitat caused great damage. Substrate for the fish ponds at the same time also caused incalculable damage to fish ponds in the ecological environment has been greatly damaged, a large number of malignant proliferation of pathogenic micro-organisms. Produced by the proliferation of aquatic products through the food chain, not only on human health damage, environmental destruction is enormous.
　　2, social benefits: With the improvement of people's lives, it is meant to strengthen environmental protection, people pay more attention to food safety, coupled with China's accession to the WTO, aquatic products to enter the international market, other countries must meet food safety standards, therefore, To the health of the people, and China, the export of aquatic products of high profits, they must be the implementation of eco-farming.
　　3, cost-effective: the traditional mode of farming, has caused a serious imbalance in Yuchih microbial flora, pathogenic microorganisms by macrophages, enhanced resistance, the fish farmers had to increase the drug dosage, the results of fish diseases body injuries, sharp drop in output, decline in quality, cost increase has occurred frequently Tong Pan. This is our Chase Lake and the surrounding areas of conventional fish farmers to give up fish, fish ponds is strange to produce much cotton as the main reason for the occurrence. Hubei mariculturists microbial agents take the lead in the application of eco-farming method, has produced gratifying results, they produced less than I in grass carp to 1 yuan per kilogram of absolute superiority, occupied the fish market in Hunan Yueyang in Hunan Province and other parts of fresh fish market. In the rice field eel is also a drug culture on the bubble, andapplication, Monopterus seriously affected the growth and product quality, so that the cost of high culture. Even worse, the winter Monopterus boxes into the death of me, to us they are no wake-up call ecological farming. Fish farmers must change our production concept! Out of the traditional model of the cycle of breeding.
　　Fourth, promote the feasibility of eco-farming
　　With the progress of China's Aquatic Sciences, has been developed for the ecological farming system technology, has developed standards for science, but also for eco-culture has developed a highly efficient and low-residue, low-dose administration of fisheries, particularly in medicine and Chinese extract, and beneficial microbial preparations reveal the original EM Providence, Shenzhenproduced tonic animal feed additives - Huolisu. Shi Zhi and it is eco-farming has been adequately protected. Guangdong's per-mu yield of grass carp have been a half tons of examples, the same can also be used as the feasibility of eco-culture of evidence.
　　Fifth, how to implement eco-farming
　　Ecological farming includes a wide scope, it has the following several major. (A) the ecological environment of artificial breeding method. (B) three-dimensional multi-species breeding method. (C) open-water or water micro-culture method. (D) closed the factory farm method of circulating water. (V) aquatic symbiotic and mutually beneficial crop breeding method. (Vi) the use of microbial culture preparation method. Because of space limitations, I can not be here on the 11, we focus on the use of microbial preparations to illustrate this method, if the methods of the former five friends interested in, please go to the Department of advice I have. What is the breeding method microbial agents: the past 10 years, gradually Microorganisms in aquaculture are applied to promote the health of this culture to the pollution-free production provided strong protection. At present, more products are used preparations of photosynthetic bacteria, Bacillus, Lactobacillus preparations, such as an act of God reveal the original EM. They can break down残饵water, fish manure and other organic matter, reduce the ammonia content in water, so that culture change clean water, thereby improving the environment; they can object to improve the breeding environment of the gastrointestinal tract, enhance the appetite, promote growth and improve feed remuneration; they can strengthen the immune function of the target culture and enhance immunity, enhanced disease resistance; can strengthen the beneficial bacteria to prevent and reduce the occurrence of bacterial diseases and the spread.

循环水养殖技术

循环水养殖是应用工程技术、水处理技术和高密度水产养殖技术进行渔业工业化生产的技术模式。
随着水产养殖业向现代化水平的发展，循环水养殖技术作为我国水产养殖业现代化的支撑技术，
受到科学研究者和渔业生产部门的高度重视，在相关的养殖工艺、水质控制、净化处理等方面进行了深入研究，取得了较大进展，
有些技术已经在生产中获得应用。其中养殖水体的处理技术，作为工厂化养殖技术的关键技术之一，
随着研究的不断深入，获得较快发展，形成了机械、化学、生物和综合处理等多项技术，为循环水养殖的进一步发展奠定了基础。
循环水养殖水体的处理主要包括几个方面，即固液分离（分离固体物和悬浮物）、生物过滤（降低BOD、氨氮和亚硝酸盐）和暴气（去除二氧化碳等）、消毒、脱氮、增氧等处理过程其中悬浮物和氨氮去除是需要解决的主要技术难点。
工厂化养殖场等实地工程进行了总结和归纳，为工厂化养殖的设计和管理提供必要的技术资料，并期望在此基础上，进一步研究先进技术和处理方法、开发出相关的高效养殖工程设施和设备。如积极引进德国最新的蛋白质分离器技术，国产化后又增加了双射流、臭氧射流+UV催化除氨氮等效率更高的技术。

我国慢慢的成为了水产大国，从网上看循环水养殖已经是大势所趋，循环水养殖有什么优势？

循环水养殖最大优势就是可控性高，不受天气影响，产量高，病害少，甚至可以缩短养殖周期，由于没什么病害，没什么污源，养出来的水产品也不用担心某某含量超标的问题。广州中航有编写过一本工厂化循环水养殖系统设备技术手册，可以找来看看。

工厂化循环水养殖为什么能成为一种趋势

循环水养殖为什么能成为一种趋势，主要表现在以下几点：节水、环境友好、生产可控、效益倍增、操作简单、管理方便。其中对养殖户来说最能吸引的地方就是节水、生产可控和效益倍增。
我国传统的养殖模式是到年底干塘，不干塘鱼就不能全部捕捞上来。冬天冻塘、晒塘，到了第二年又要注水，然后放养，一年换一池新水，养一茬鱼，既浪费水、污染环境，养殖效益也不高。有没有人算过，这样下来，在水产养殖上全国一年得浪费多少水。把这些水净化后循环利用，一年节约的水够缺水地区多少人使用。循环水养殖最大的特点就时节水，环境效益好。
再一个就是生产可控，传统的养殖模式受天气影响大，遇上个阴雨天，水中溶解氧低，全塘鱼都有可能翻白，功亏一篑。从操作上来说也麻烦，巡塘、清淤干啥的，现在谁愿意干这累的活。今天看到一个新闻，说是有个养殖户在饲料厂的鼓动下阴天向鱼塘里撒饲料厂赠送的小球藻，死鱼15万斤，净化水质又花了几万块，维权困难。养殖户大都是农民，再遇上这些不懂技术装懂的无良商家，赔本是常有的事。循环水养鱼不受天气限值，水质处理好，不向水中加外来物质啥的，不引入污染，就杜绝了类似这种问题的发生。
搞水产养殖从根本上来说就是为了挣钱，增加收益是养殖户最终的追求。循环水养殖水质好，给鱼类提供好的生活环境，流速、水温调控到鱼最适宜生长的温度，一年可以养3、4茬鱼，而且具有高的养殖密度，收益自然高了。
西安天浩采用沉淀（去除残饵、鱼粪）+生物降解（利用微生物降解水中溶解的有机物，去除氨氮、亚硝酸盐污染）+物理过滤（滤除生物膜、细小悬浮物）+紫外消毒工艺做循环水养殖系统。

为什么说最好的水产养殖方式是实现循环水养殖？

养鱼先养水，最好的水产养殖方式是实现循环水养殖，循环水养殖模式能减少养殖过程对周边水环境依赖，降低养殖过程中污水排放，提高成活率、降低养殖风险、提高产量和品质，实现绿色养殖，对水产养殖业健康和可持续发展具有重要意义.

提供一种工艺给你吧
循环水处理工艺：
AFF-引气气浮-薄层滴滤-光催化杀菌除藻工艺，其中AFF直接滤除原水中直径大于5μm的悬浮物； 薄层滴滤也是一种高效生物反应器，其生化处理效率是普通生物过滤的20倍，能有效除去水体中有机物和氨氮、亚硝酸盐等有毒化合物； 消毒主要采用紫外消毒或光催化消毒工艺，消毒效率高，无药物残留。