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英语学术论文范文3000字

发布时间:2023-12-12 13:18

英语学术论文范文3000字

近年来,世界各国在 教育 、军事、经济、政治、文学等多个领域的交流越来越频繁,极大地促进了这些领域的进步和快速发展。下面是我为大家整理的英文学术论文,供大家参考。

摘要: 英美文学中的文学批评存在多种不同的理论,不同理论学派所持有的观点也不尽相同,每个学派之间都有其丰富的理论基础,从多维的角度去进行主客观的文学批评,正是因为文学批评有着其自身科学性、审美性、公信力等方面的特点,能够包容多种批评学派的存在,对文学作品进行客观、科学的批评。

关键词:英美文学;文学批评

一、文学批评理论在英美文学教学中的意义

目前我国大多数院校都开设了相应的文学教育理论课程,而在关于英美文学的教学过程中,文学批评与文学教学是相辅相成的关系,文学批评可以从其独特的视角关注和解读英美文学作品,得到与众不同的观点,从而充分了解了整部英美文学作品的历史意义和内涵。文学批评也为英美文学教学提供了一把打开其大门的钥匙,让学生有机会从不同的角度,不同的观点、不同的思想关注英美文学,更好地促进了英美文学的发展。以文学批评基本理论为依据,应用到英美文学教学中,将有助于在学习作品过程中,避免传统的、印象式的解读,使学生通过对原著的充分解读,仔细品味原著中作者想要表达的观点,以及写作的手法,培养学生踏实阅读的学风,还能够让学生充分感受到文学的魅力,增强学习兴趣,提高学习成绩。

二、英美文学中文学批评的多方位表现形式

1.英美文学中新批评理论。

上世纪三四十年代开始出现以兰色姆(,1888-1974)、威姆塞特(t,1907-1975)等为代表,形成了英美文学中的“新批评”理论。他们认为一切从作者的原始写作动机与作者的阅读感受为出发点所进行的文学批评都是“错误的谬论”,脱离了文学批评的初衷,将文学批评的对象进行了根本的转移,即转移到了文学作品对阅读者心理影响方面上,脱离了被批评对象的本身,从而沦为了单一的印象论。英美文学中的新批评理论认为单纯依靠阅读者的感觉,会使阅读者产生相对的“阅读错觉”——即带入阅读者已有的自我认知来干扰对作品进行正确的、客观的文学批评。新批评理论强调的是以尊重和细读原著为基础,对原著进行客观、公正的、不带有固有主观意识的文学批评,形成踏实阅读的风气。在高校英美文学教学过程中运用新批评理论,也就是说教师需要花更多的时间去钻研原著,提出更有价值的问题供学生进行课上探讨,这样才能赋予学生机会去利用新批评理论认识英美文学、了解英美文学、发现英美文学的精髓所在,主动地去学习英美文学。

2.英美文学中读者反应批评理论。

在整个英美文学历史发展过程中,从来不缺少批评的新声音和新形式的产生于与发展,斯坦利.费希(StanleyFish)就对新批评理论提出了挑战,他认为单纯的从作品本身进行分析而忽略了读者的作用,是对整个阅读过程的误解。“读者反应批评”强调原著作品对于读者的影响,读者在阅读原著后所起到的作用以及能够从中得到的感受为重点。读者反应批评理论以读者为重,从读者的角度来诠释“文学批评”的过程。作品需要“留白”,这些留白的地方正是读者阅读完作品之后进行的“自我想象”,是对作品新的解读和延展,得到一种“作者——作品——读者”三者之间的交流。但是这种理论由于强调的是读者的作用,而每位读者都是不同的个体,即便对同一文学作品,也有着不同的解读方式和看法。这是“读者反应批评理论”所面对的最大的难题。

三、英美文学作品中文学批评的特点

1.文学批评与多种学科紧密相连。

在英美文学中文学批评几乎是文学研究的 同义词 ,文学批评以文学鉴赏为基础,以文学理论为指导,对作家作品进行分析、研究、认识和评价,这一整个过程不单单是一种文学行为,更是与多种学科有着密切的联系,大部分的文学批评都运用了“心理学”“社会学”“哲学”等多种学科。尤其是文学批评中的“读者反应批评理论”充分运用了读者的阅读心理和阅读感受,来对文学作品进行文学批评,得到了相关作品的反馈。

2.英美文学中的文学批评具有审美性。

不论是以新批评理论为基础,还是以读者反应批评理论为基础,大部分的文学批评都具有审美性。这里的审美性指的是它以文学作品为基础,关注做作品所传达的艺术性和美学性,批评者需要按照美的规律,从文学作品的美学方向出发对原著进行审美性分析,作出审美判断和评价,使读者能够更好的理解和认识到作品,提升读者的审美情趣和阅读能力。

3.英美文学中的文学批评具有科学性。

任何形式的文学批评都不应该脱离科学发展的实际,正确的文学批评在批评者进行美学、艺术学批评的同时也要利用理性的 逻辑思维 方式,对文学作品进行客观的批评。批评者需要具备科学的创造性,用科学的研究 方法 、研究思维、研究理论对文学作品进行客观公正的批评,并且能够以客观事实为基础,查阅大量丰富的文学资料来对原著进行周密的、系统的分析和判断,不可参杂大量的个人主观思想、狭隘偏见,以对原著进行科学的文学批评。

四、结束语

英美文学中的文学批评存在多种不同的理论,不同理论学派所持有的观点也不尽相同,每个学派之间都有其丰富的理论基础,从多维的角度去进行主客观的文学批评,正是因为文学批评有着其自身科学性、审美性、公信力等方面的特点,能够包容多种批评学派的存在,对文学作品进行客观、科学的批评。文学又有着其特殊的地方,不同于其他客观事物,不能用一般规律去对它进行解读和分析,正是因为有了文学批评的存在,才能够在不同读者角度,不同理论支持下对英美文学作品进行深层次的分析和解读,探究作者想要表达的观点,了解原著作者的真实意图, 总结 归纳英美文学发展特点,以便更好地学习。

参考文献

1、英美文学课的困境与多媒体辅助教学刘仪华南通师范学院学报(哲学社会科学版)2000-10-3025

2、高校英语专业英美文学类课程教学现状调查鲁吉西安外国语学院学报2003-12-0124

摘要: 随着时代的发展,我国高等教育需要培养人文素质与科学素质相结合的人才,以促进学生的全面发展.如果学生只注重科学知识而忽视其人文素质的培养,将会成为一个只拥有知识而没有智慧的人。

关键词:英美文学;英语教学

英美文学导入作为一种新的导入模式,可以拓宽大学英语的教学模式,符合《要求》中集多种教学模式的需要.另外,我国普通高校特别是理工科院校的学生大都是理科生,在高中阶段把注意力集中在数理化和生物的学习上,对英美文学知识的了解相对较少,《要求》中提出大学英语教学要提高学生的综合 文化 素养,在大学英语教学中有必要融入英美文学导入,使学生更多地了解英美文学知识和西方文化,这有助于提高学生的学习兴趣,培养其综合文化素养.目前,我国普通高校的大学英语教师在学习期间都学习过英美文学,其中一些教师在研究生阶段的研究方向就是英美文学.教师掌握丰富的英美文学知识,有能力在导入中融入该方面的知识.所以,从大学英语教学要求、学生的求知欲和教师能力几方面来看,英美文学导入融入大学英语教学具有一定的可行性.

受传统大学英语教学模式单一的影响,很多学生在学习过程中产生厌学感、疲惫感和焦虑感,影响学生学习的积极性和学习效率,而文学导入“可以减轻学习者的焦虑感,以利于语言习得”[2].英美文学导入可帮助学生摆脱传统大学英语教学模式单一的负面影响,对新时代的大学英语教学具有积极的促进作用.

1有助于提高学生的学习兴趣

著名科学家爱因斯坦曾说过:“兴趣是最好的老师”.当学生对一门学科感兴趣时,即使没有家长、教师的督促,学生也会对这一学科不断地探索和学习,从中获得学习这一学科的乐趣.目前,我国大多数学生从小学三年级开始 学习英语 ,到大学一年级基本学习了十年英语,多数学生已经对英语产生厌倦感.所以,让学生继续学习英语的最好办法就是不断提高他们对英语的兴趣.英美文学方面的知识在高中阶段接触得较少或只接触一些浅显的内容,在导入中加入英美文学内容会使学生们觉得很新颖,从而能集中注意力认真听老师讲解并提高学习兴趣.在《新视野大学英语》读写教程第一册第七单元“FacetoFacewithGuns”中有一个 句子 :Turingthosepa-gesandstudyingtheirphotographsislikeflowingonthesadcurrentthat,likeBlake’sThames,seemsto“markineveryface,marksofweakness,marksofwoe[3]”.这句话实际上引用了美国著名浪漫主义诗人威廉•布莱克的著作《伦敦》中的诗句,教师可以通过对浪漫主义时期的诗歌特点对《伦敦》进行分析,可以增强学生对诗歌的欣赏能力和对课文中句子的准确理解.《新视野大学英语》读写教程第二册第六单元中,SectionA部分的 文章 标题是“AsHisNameIs,SoIsHe!”,有的教师会根据文章标题从人名的角度进行导入,但如果从文学角度进行导入会更加激发学生们的兴趣.这个标题实际上出自《圣经》箴言第七章,原句是“Asamanthinkethinhisheart,soheis.”教师可以从《圣经》这个角度进行导入,学生基本都听说过《圣经》,但了解得不是很多,教师可以给学生们介绍《圣经》中伊甸园、诺亚方舟、出埃及记等著名的 故事 .另外,《圣经》不仅是__的经典,也是西方文学的源头,许多英美文学中的著名作品都与《圣经》有关.综合考察这些受《圣经》影响的文学作品,我们会发现,文学作品对圣经 典故 的运用非常灵活多样.就圣经典故的类型而言,就有语典、人典、事典、意象、结构模式、观念等诸多种类[4].霍桑的《红字》、梅尔维尔的《白鲸》、斯坦贝克的《愤怒的葡萄》和福克纳的《喧哗与骚动》等许多英美文学经典作品中的对白、典故和意象都源自《圣经》.通过从《圣经》角度进行导入,学生们可以了解《圣经》与文学作品之间千丝万缕的联系,并增加对英美文学和英语的学习兴趣.

2有助于学生了解西方文化

在阅读英美文学作品时,学生们可以从中了解更多的西方文化,在国际交流中可以避免不必要的文化冲突.《新视野大学英语》读写教程中出现了爱尔兰作家奥斯卡•王尔德、英国诗人威廉•华兹华斯、约翰•弥尔顿和美国作家大卫•梭罗,教师可以从他们的作品作为切入点进行导入,用这些作品帮助学生了解西方文化.教师也可从课文中出现的单词进行导入,《新视野大学英语》读写教程第三册第四单元中出现了colony这个单词,学生们看注释都知道它是“殖民地”的意思,教师可以从文学角度进行导入,欧洲的清教徒移民在北美先后建立十三块殖民地,美国文学深受清教主义的影响,清教主义对美国文学的影响就如儒家思想对中国文学的影响一样深远,历史学家巴斯认为,没有对美国清教思想的了解,就不可能理解美国社会[6].清教徒提倡的谦卑、诚实、勤奋、节俭以及在艰难环境下的乐观精神也对美国社会产生深远影响,清教主义奠定了美国民主并塑造了美国人民的性格,美国人的勤奋、节俭和乐观与清教主义是分不开的.同时,很多美国作家在创作中深受清教主义的影响,这些作家的作品文风简朴,语言清新、直接.所以,通过对清教主义的讲解,有助于学生从根源上了解美国人的性格,有助于对西方文化有更深层次的了解.

3有助于提高学生的人文素质

随着时代的发展,我国高等教育需要培养人文素质与科学素质相结合的人才,以促进学生的全面发展.如果学生只注重科学知识而忽视其人文素质的培养,将会成为一个只拥有知识而没有智慧的人.人文素质可以帮助学生形成正确的人生观、世界观和价值观,促进精神方面的修养.《新视野大学英语》读写教程第二册第七单元“LightenYourLoadandSaveYourLife”中出现了本•富兰克林,教师可以把富兰克林作为导入的对象.富兰克林不仅是政治家、科学家,还是著名的文学家,在他的《自传》中,富兰克林为自己规定了十三条需要培养的美德,包括节制、沉默寡言、生活秩序、决心、简朴、勤勉、诚恳、公正、适度、清洁、贞洁和谦虚等.这十三条美德对当今的大学生提高人文素质具有一定的积极作用,教师可以让学生以富兰克林为典范,在日常生活中以十三条美德要求自己.教师也可以让学生们对这些美德进行自由讨论,相互交流,并对目前社会中存在的不良现象进行评价,有助于提高学生的分析能力和社会责任感.所以,英美文学导入是新时期高等教育的重要组成部分,也是提高学生人文素质的重要手段.

我国高等院校,特别是理工科院校的非英语专业学生对英美文学知识了解得相对匮乏,同时大学英语教学的导入方法也比较单一.所以,教师在大学英语教学中利用英美文学知识进行导入,既可以解决课堂导入的单一问题,又可以增强学生的学习兴趣,增加学生对英美文学知识的了解,有助于他们了解西方文化并提高其人文素质,这符合我国高等教育培养全面人才的发展需要,满足21世纪对复合型人才的需求.

参考文献

1、英美电影文学的多媒体教学模式周震,丁文英外语电化教学2002-02-2026

2、独白与交往,何去何从?——浅论英美文学课程的教学吕洪灵;外语与外语教学2006-08-0126

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全英语论文3000字

Published in 1847, WUTHERING HEIGHTS was not well received by the reading public, many of whom condemned it as sordid, vulgar, and unnatural--and author Emily Bronte went to her grave in 1848 believing that her only novel was a failure. It was not until 1850, when WUTHERING HEIGHTS received a second printing with an introduction by Emily's sister Charlotte, that it attracted a wide readership. And from that point the reputation of the book has never looked back. Today it is widely recognized as one of the great novels of English literature.
Even so, WUTHERING HEIGHTS continues to divide readers. It is not a pretty love story; rather, it is swirling tale of largely unlikeable people caught up in obsessive love that turns to dark madness. It is cruel, violent, dark and brooding, and many people find it extremely unpleasant. And yet--it possesses a grandeur of language and design, a sense of tremendous pity and great loss that sets it apart from virtually every other novel written.
The novel is told in the form of an extended flashback. After a visit to his strange landlord, a newcomer to the area desires to know the history of the family--which he receives from Nelly Deans, a servant who introduces us to the Earnshaw family who once resided in the house known as Wuthering Heights. It was once a cheerful place, but Old Earnshaw adopted a "Gipsy" child who he named Heathcliff. And Catherine, daughter of the house, found in him the perfect companion: wild, rude, and as proud and cruel as she. But although Catherine loves him, even recognizes him as her soulmate, she cannot lower herself to marry so far below her social station. She instead marries another, and in so doing sets in motion an obsession that will destroy them all.
WUTHERING HEIGHTS is a bit difficult to "get into;" the opening chapters are so dark in their portrait of the end result of this obsessive love that they are somewhat off-putting. But they feed into the flow of the work in a remarkable way, setting the stage for one of the most remarkable structures in all of literature, a story that circles upon itself in a series of repetitions as it plays out across two generations. Catherine and Heathcliff are equally remarkable, both vicious and cruel, and yet never able to shed their impossible love no matter how brutally one may wound the other.
As the novel coils further into alcoholism, seduction, and one of the most elaborately imagined plans of revenge it gathers into a ghostly tone: Heathcliff, driven to madness by a woman who is not there but who seems reflected in every part of his world--dragging her corpse from the grave, hearing her calling to him from the moors, escalating his brutality not for the sake of brutality but so that her memory will never fade, so that she may never leave his mind until death itself. Yes, this is madness, insanity, and there is no peace this side of the grave or even beyond.
Many people in the world are trying to find a perfect of these may marry and not know what their new husband or wife is kind of situation often leads to separation or hostility. Other situations may develop between two friends that stem from jealousy, desire for revenge, uncaring parents, etc. Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights displays several characteristics of destructive relationships. Three of these are uncaring parents, marriage without knowing the person, and jealousy.
Uncaring or unsympathizing parents are shown throughout this story to be an element of destructive relationships. Because Heathcliff gained all the attention from Mr. Earnshaw, Hindley became disassociated from his father. This separation continued until after Mr. Earnshaw had r example is between Hindley and Hareton. Hindley became such a drunk and a gambler that he could not properly care for young Hareton. This led to a separation between Hareton and his father as well. One primary example of an uncaring parent is shown between Heathcliff and his son liff did not even want his son for anything except enacting a part of his revenge. This is shown by Linton's fear of Heathcliff and Heathcliff's enmity toward his son. Linton even says "... my father threatened me, and I dread him - I dread him!"(244) to express his feeling about hostility and separation between father and son in this book shows that uncaring parents can cause serious damage in relationships with their children.
This element of destructive behavior may stem from an unhappy marriage in which the husbands or wives don't know each other. This had happened between Isabella and Heathcliff. Isabella did not really know Heathcliff when she married him, but after she had married him she saw that Heathcliff was not a gentleman at all. To declare her feelings she wrote "Is Heathcliff a man? If so, is he mad? And if not, is he a devil? I shan't tell my reasons for making this inquiry; but I beseech you to explain, if you can, what I have married ..."(125). Another example of this is when Catherine married Edgar Linton. Although she had been happy at the beginning of the marriage, she thought having parties all the time was going to be fun. Yet, after a while, she became bored. She also realized that she loved Heathcliff more than Edgar and would always love enlightenment created separation between Edgar and Catherine during the final hours of Cathy's life. An additional marriage which was made that was doomed was the one between Catherine and Linton. Because this was a forced marriage, Cathy had not yet learned all she could about e she did not know until after the marriage that Linton was selfish and inconsiderate, she became distressed and grew isolated in the three failed marriages described in this novel show that knowing the person you will marry is very these marriages took place, jealousy also took a hold in some relationships. One example of this is when Mr. Earnshaw starts to favor Heathcliff over his own son, Hindley. Because of this, Hindley becomes jealous of young Heathcliff and sets out to make Heathcliff's life a nightmare. Hindley's jealousy becomes evident when he says ,"... be damned you beggarly interloper! and wheedle my father out of all he has; only afterwards show him what you are, imp of Satan."(35). Jealousy was also found very notably in the relationship between Heathcliff and Edgar Linton.
The jealousy between them is expressed when Heathcliff and Edgar start a hostile conversation after Cathy's homecoming at Christmas near the beginning of the book. As the story progresses these two become bitter enemies who will not speak to one another. Another relationship which jealousy ruined is the one between Hareton and Linton. These two become jealous of each other over Cathy's affections. This relationship ends as Hareton and Linton hating each other. These relationships show that jealousy can ruin a relationship very quickly.
The housekeeper Ellen Dean, or we can call her Nelly, tells most of the story. She witnesses the life of the three-generations in the two families. She is a good storyteller but we mustn’t believe all of what she said. She always thinks and considers things in a simple way. She couldn’t understand the deep love between Catherine and Heathcliff. She thinks it is a kind of madness. She is a limited narrator. In a certain way, this helps readers to understand Heathcliff better because he has no chance to defend himself. An outsider will see the whole thing more clearly. However, we should pay more attention not to be affect by her opinions and try to find the truth between the lines.
As a main character Catherine is a paradox. She is attracted by Linton but doesn’t love him. She knows that clearly but she marries Linton without listening to the call of her heart. Many critics believe that what makes her marry Linton is only his high social status and wealth. I think this comment is unfair. In fact, she folly thinks to marry Linton will help Heathcliff “to rise and place him out of my brother’s power.” Her decision ruins herself, Heathcliff and the two families. She has to endure serious suffering because she knows clearly she love Heathcliff whole-heartedly but can’t become his wife. She confesses to Nelly her own thoughts: “…I am Heathcliff—he’s always, always in my mind—not as a pleasure, any more than I am always a pleasure to myself—but as my own being…” She loves Heathcliff because he is more like her than herself. His existence is natural to her for they are the same in nature. They could understand each other without obstacles.
Talking about Heathcliff, he is an evil person but I admire him because his love and hate is straight. Everyone has a devil in his heart. The one in Heathcliff’s heart is especially strong. In spite of this, I believe and can read between the lines that Amily Bronte also has her favor to Heathcliff. She wants to tell us evil and love are deeply planted in everyone’s heart and it is human nature.

经济类学术论文(英文)

  我国经济经历了三十多年的快速发展,在取得了发展奇迹的同时也存在着很多问题。下面是我为大家精心推荐的经济类学术论文(英文),希望能够对您有所帮助。

  经济类学术论文(英文)篇一
  The Likonomics

  “Likonomics”, the term to describe Chinese Premier Li Keqiang`s economic policy. Was coined on June 27 by three economists at Barclays Capital. Like "Thatcherism", "Reaganomics", and more recently “Abenomics”, "Likonomics" has become the buzzword to describe the implications of China's new economic program. And what is “Likonomics”? The Barclays Capital`s economists also give our a explain, “Likonomics” was a series of measures adopted by the State Council. The measures were passed to ensure the sustainability of China`s economy. “which could be summarized as "Likonomics", consists of three key pillars: no stimulus, Deleveraging and structural reform." It is mean the China need to free the market, and stop the government control the market. And this new police is a long-term objectives, so the next three years the grew rate of Chinese quarter of Economic will be reduced at least 4%.

  “Since assuming office in mid-March, Premier Li Keqiang has taken a different policy path. Its key economic policy framework, which could be summarized as "Likonomics", consists of three key pillars: no stimulus, deleveraging and structural reform.”(China Daily 07/05/2013 page9 by Huang Yiping). In the news, we know the three solutions, “no stimulus”, “Deleveraging” and “structural reform”. The “stimulus” mean the government in the short time,following the liabilities or expand the money supply to stimulate the economy, but at the same time the inflation also coming, So the first way is to decrease the Chinese inflation. And the second solution is “Deleveraging”, this solution`s meaning is “repay”, repay the money that borrow before the economic crisis, at the same time the most assets, such as stocks, bonds, real estate the prices of those assets will be decrease, and the country`s economy also will be reduced. The last solution is the “structural reform”, everyone know the government has no able to control the market, because the government cannot get all information for the government, but it just is the half reason for this solution, the other part is the “corruption” in the Chinese government system, the power official have able to control the economy. So the Premier Li Keqiang build the “free trade zone” in Shanghai, in this area no one can control the economy, that mean every thing happen in this area are all form the market`s self adjusting.

  In fact the words “no stimulus”, “Deleveraging” and “structural reform” are professional, so I use my own word to explain the “Likonomics”. I have four steps. First step, only “fight” the inflation and do not care the Chinese Economy grow rate, right now in China the RIBOR between banks is from 2% increase to 30%, it is effective to stop the banks`s venture investment, because when the RIBOR increase the bank have to keep the “working capital” in their own hand, they have no enough able to pay the extremely high interest rate, so that the total money in the market going to decrease. But at the same time the China “Total Social Financing ” it reduced 43%. Secondly step, is decrease the TAX, as same as the picture show as, right now the Chinese tas price is stand on the point A, and if the government reduced the tax price the total tax revenue will be increase. Thirdly step, is free the coal`s price, because in China the coal is the most important resource, people use the coal to generate electricity, warm and others, but on the coal have 88 kinds of tax, and the government disagree to trade the coal with other countries, so that if the government stop to control the coal`s price, the price will be decrease, then the burden of enterprises will accordingly drop. Fourth step, and also the last step is talk about

  the government control. We all know, that if the government control the market the efficiency of market will goes down, because the government cannot get all the information in the market. So the “Free trade zone” was born in Shanghai, in this zone the government cannot control, and the other large enterprise also cannot intervene, it is a 100% free market. The Premier Li is use this way to break the bureaucracy in China.

  Right now, the China is the fastest develop country in the world, and at the same time the stagflation also is coming. So the Premier Li use the extremely hard cost to stop the Chinese inflation increase. We don`t know what will be happen in the after ten years, even twenty years, the China, stand on the top of world, every action of China can have able to effect the international economic.

  All the informations are from those website:The Likonomics
  经济类学术论文(英文)篇二
  I live in the area which has five communities. They are a large community Taizi vally, two medium communities Shanshuiqing and Nuode internation, and two small communities, Shanhaicuilu and Ray. 0755. Residents Quantity:2500 families.

  The supermarket quantity: before 2009, there's a Huarun for us to buy something we need, but it moved after property right had transfered . Before 2010,there are no formal large supermarket. Supermarkets in geographical position from this area is far place but they has some small buses to transport customers, but I live in the area which just has some stores and a large farmer's market. By the end of 2010, Easy life opened and Baijia opened in early 2011. They are opened for residents’ everyday necessities demand. In March 2011,Easy life went out of business but Baiji’s business is article will mainly discuss the reason of Easy life closed and consumers choice problem.

  一.What decided they fate?

  1. From market supply and demand we can see that when Easy life and Baijia existing at the same time, there are supply greater than demand .

  2. When market supply greater than demand, which decide their fate is consumer preferences.

  First, shopping environment from view, consumer preferences in purchasing Baijia because it has a comfortable environment for comsumer to buy something. And at this point, Baijia do better than Easy life, such as: the ground very clean, there was nothing in the cart like residual vegetables or other things, shelves are very neat and clean, air indoor is very er from display of goods to see, though two of the supermarket goods no matter from varieties or to brand are familiar, but Baijia do better than Easy life and obviously the main problem is that Easy life’s commodity classification isn’t science, shelves has many unused space, etc. In addition to attract consumers from some of the factors, such as the lights, warm lamplight can make the fruit and vegetable appear very fresh, and can still make consumer feel very comfortable and it can also stimulate consumer to buy someting, so consumers are willing to spend more time to purchase choose the cool color light will make the fruit and vegetable seems not fresh and color looks wrong, the most important is the cool color light may make consumers feel unwell, consumers don’t want to stay in the supermarket any more, that is certainly will reduce consumer’s more consumption. At this point Baijia will do better than Easy life.

  The above is from thing’s logical thinking , however, but when we use economic theory to treat Easy life closed and there is something we cann’t understand. Because of Easy life is at the side of the road where there is a large community, a medium-sized community and a small community. From the factor of buy something convenient to see, people actually are more willing to go to Easy life, because it does not need to cross the road. And the cashier of Easy life work more efficiently than Baijia, the bill. And this reduce customer unnecessary waiting time. The most important advantages of Easy life that the price of same goods is cheaper than relative to the best goods cheaper than Baijia. So why are these relationships to the immediate interests of consumers advantage did not let Easy life’s business thriving? Instead of "advantage" that is blatant and why let Baijia’s business thriving? Personally, I think, this is the result of irrational consumer behavior! Economics of three assumptions, the most controversial is rational man hypothesis.

  看了“经济类学术论文(英文)”的人还看:

1. 经济类新闻学术论文

2. 经济类词汇中英对照

3. 经济类学术论文范文

4. 英文翻译学术论文

5. 英语学术论文范文

毕业英语论文范文大全

  在全球化时代,随着国际交流日益增多,中国对高质量英语人才的要求也达到了前所未有的高度。英语教学在中国高等 教育 体系中占据着举足轻重的地位,也肩负着社会培养高质量人才的重任。下文是我为大家搜集整理的关于 毕业 英语论文 范文 大全的内容,欢迎大家阅读参考!

  毕业英语论文范文大全篇1
  浅谈老水手的心理历程——《苦舟子咏》 读后感

  [摘要]:《苦舟子咏》是英国19世纪湖畔派诗人柯勒律治的一首长诗。全诗是一个充满了奇幻之美的的航海 故事 。全诗探索人生的罪与罚问题,诗人把热爱宇宙的万物泛神论思想和____思想结合起来,宣传仁爱和基督____罪思想。诗中的水手的心理活动刻画得细致入微,水手杀掉信天翁表示他拒绝社会给他的礼物,他除掉了深爱自己并代表超自然的事物,也就除掉了对这个世界的感情,最后水手内心发生转变,以新的态度对待自然,为此他才得以解脱出来。 [关键词]:老水手;道德;内疚;痛苦;赎罪 Abstract: “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” is one of Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s masterpieces. It is a long poem, telling a story in the form of ballads .The poem can be approached as a dream voyage to another realm, as a story of sin and expatiation, or as the quiet essential representation of the alienated isolated modern individual. 一、作者简介 塞缪尔·泰勒·柯尔律治(Samuel Taylor Coleridge)1772年10月21日生于英格兰西南部德文郡一个乡镇牧师的家庭。9岁丧父,被送往伦敦基督慈幼学校上学,熟读希腊、罗马文学。19岁入剑桥大学,与骚塞相识。当时两人都同情法国革命,但又都害怕革命暴力,于是设想去美洲建立乌托邦社会。计划失败后柯尔律治移居英格兰部西部湖区,致力于写诗,并与华兹华斯结成密友。他憎恶资本主义城市文明和冷酷的金钱关系,于是远离城市,隐居于昆布兰湖区,寄情山水或缅怀中世纪的宗法社会。他们创作出歌颂大自然的或美化宗法制农村生活方式的诗篇,以抵制丑恶的资本主义现实。因此被称为“湖畔派诗人”。1798年,两人合作出版著名的《抒情歌谣集》。同年他与华兹华斯兄妹到德国 留学 ,被康德的哲学和耶拿派的诗歌理论和创作所吸引。回国后继续居住于湖区,与华兹华斯保持往来。柯尔律治年青时代即患有风湿痛等多种疾病。为求镇痛他长期服食鸦片竟至上瘾,故健康大受损害。晚年他贫病交加,1834年7月25日逝世于海格特。柯尔律治的作品以真的细节描绘超自然的神秘事物,令人甘愿暂时不去考虑普通情理而信以为真,并在领略到一种怪异的美的同时获得教益或良知的觉醒。柯尔律治的创作实践和理论建设,不仅影响过他的同时代人,也影响了包括和他政治态度相左的拜伦、雪莱和济慈,而且,对于时至今日的诗歌艺术探索者,仍具有重要的借鉴价值。他在英国文学史上有重要地位,是浪漫主义思潮的重要代表。

  二、《苦舟子咏》简介

  《苦舟子咏》是柯尔律治唯一一部完整的长诗。这部长625行的叙事谣曲是一个神秘恐怖的浪漫故事:一名老水手对一个赴结婚宴的客人讲述了他自己的可怕的故事。客人想走开,赶快去赴宴,却为老水手眼中的特殊表情所吸引住,不得不站在那里把这个故事听完了。老水手和同伴们坐了一艘船出海去。一路上很平安。然后遇到了一阵暴风,暴风过后,这位水手却无端地射杀一只了航海者认为好运象征的信天翁。因此,厄运又降临了。船驶进静海中,那里没有风也没有浪;太阳如火如荼地照耀着。海水绿绿地满载着腐物。船停在那里不动,老水手被视为这次厄运的造因者。水手们都渴得要死去,仿佛有一只船要驶进救他们却又消失不见了。那是一只幻船,水手们一个个都死在甲板上,每个死者的眼光都注定在这位杀死信天翁的水手身上。全船的人,只有他没有死。后来,他对于自所做的恶罪觉得悔恨。于是天使们可怜他的悲苦,使死尸们站了起来,仍去做水手们的职务。他们开上了帆。虽然没有风,船却渐渐地移动。于是,这船一直驶到了老水手的故乡。一个领航者离了海岸,出来迎接。但在他到这船之前,它却突然地沉下了,留下了这位老水手在海波中与死神挣扎着。他被领航者所救。后来,他一想起那时受的言之不尽的痛苦,便不能忍。他的心在体内烧着,一直到了把这可怕的故事说了出来,方才觉得舒服。

  三、分析老水手的心理历程

  “自由、平等、博爱”是资产阶级道德重要规范。“自由、平等、博爱”的 口号 是资产阶级革命时期提出来的。它既是资产阶级的政治主张,又是资产阶级道德的重要内容。这一口号的提出不仅在政治上曾经起过推动历史进步的作用,而且在人类道德发展史上也是一个巨大的进步,因为它否定了人身依附关系,肯定了人身自由;否定了等级特权,肯定了人的平等;否定了把人不当人的非人道主义的博爱思想。一句话,肯定了人的尊严、价值以及个人对幸福的追求。所以,它对个性的张扬和自我意识的发展,对人们挣脱禁欲主义、蒙昧主义、等级主义的枷锁都起到了巨大的革命作用。 西方____的万物泛神论主张神无处不在,万物都是神的表象。这种主张认为:上帝就等于万事万物;任何个别事物就是上帝;世上的事物实际上都是虚无的。 在这两种思想的支配下,作者把信天翁认为是基督____徒。老水手无端地射死了信天翁,表示他拒绝社会给他的礼物,他除掉了深爱自己并代表超自然的事物,也就除掉了对这个世界的感情。老水手违反上天的指意,违反自然规律,射死了无辜的信天翁,必然要受到惩罚。于是,灾难来了:风停了,船无法前进,阳光酷热,水手们口干舌燥。这时候,有人指责老水手——“你怎敢放肆,将神鸟射死!是它引来了南风。”此时,老水手开始意识到自己行为的错误。于是,他开始不断地感到内疚。心理学认为,在道德情感系统中,羞耻感是其中的一个元素。毕达哥拉斯要求人们对自己言行进行反省以后,就应该在内心里对卑劣的行为感到羞耻、悲哀和恐惧;对善良行为感到欣喜。沙莆慈伯利认为,道德上的善恶主要取决于感情系统中的羞耻感。他说:“凡出自不公正的情感所作的,就是不义恶行和过失;如果情感公正、健全、良好,并且情感的内容有益于社会,而且还是以有益于社会方式施行,或有所感动,这就必定在任何行动中构成我们所说的公平和正直。”不义、恶行和过失将引起人们的羞耻感。羞耻感是个人的自我道德意识的一种表现,表示一个人对自己的行为、动机和道德品质的谴责时的内心体验。良心是羞耻感的的主要作用机制,常表现出焦虑、羞愧和内疚等情绪。道德焦虑是一种复合情绪。其中,痛苦和畏惧是主要构成“因子”。但它仅以避免外在处罚为目的,是低级形式的羞耻感,可又是羞耻感发生的基础。那么,羞耻感的真正作用是什么?是内疚,只有内疚才是高度的主体意识的产物,它激活潜在的思维和力量,专注与对过失的懊悔和追悔的行为,促进个体的心理成熟。如果个体内疚匮乏,那他将对道德不屑一顾,达不到“有羞知格”的认识。同时,羞耻感要以自尊为前提,一个没有自尊的人是不会知耻的,更不会自责。自尊体现了对自我社会话的切近,没有自尊的防卫,就不可能有自责的意识和行为的发生。老水手对自己的不道德行为知耻,惭愧和悔恨。老水手真是由于良心发现才深感自己行为的错误,于是惶惶终日,不断自责自己。

  事态进一步发展,在他忏悔和祈祷下挂在脖子下的鸟掉下来了,但是同行的水手都因为缺水而一个个地死去,只有老水手一个人活着。这似乎是上帝对他的又一个惩罚。他一方面觉得自己的罪行深重,导致了其他水手的死亡——痛苦;另一方面在茫茫大海中,一条船上就他孤零零的一个人——恐惧。于是他的内心又经历了一场痛苦与恐惧的考验。良心是每个人自身内部的道德评析,是自己对自己行为道德价值的认识、认知、判断、态度、感情、体验、意向、意志、动机等一切心理反应活动。老水手不断对自己惊醒良心谴责。良心的基本因素是感情,感情是对需要的体验,是心理的动力因素。它一方面产生良心的认知因素,推动自己去判断自己行为的道德价值;另一方面则产生良心意志因素,推动自己做出改过迁善的选择。在行为过后,良心对行为的后果有影响和评价作用。对于履行了道德义务并产生了好后果的影响和行为,它便于进行自我谴责,使人感到内疚、惭愧和悔恨。这种自我谴责,往往能形成一种力量,促使人们改正自己的行为。

  后来,老水手虔诚地祈求海蛇破开魔法,他才获救得以回家。人非圣贤,孰能无过?人生在生活中不免发生道德过失。道德反省就是通过对道德过失的追悔,从而激励人们采用新的道德行为去补救已经酿成的道德不幸,并且通过对道德过失的觉醒为将要开始的道德行为提供罗盘。道德反省的实质在于主体对自己已作的道德选择进行批判性的分析,是在主体已经体验到自己的道德行为存在着过失的情况下,从而进行的对自己内心的深刻 反思 。通过反思,要为今后的行为提供新的路线和方案,明白来者可追,逝者可补。在今后的行动过程中,要用千倍的补偿替代原有的损失;通过反思,主体对自我发展和自我需要与社会道德的系统会领悟得更加深刻。

  故事的最后,老水手回到了家。于是出现了开篇的那一幕:他极力拉住去赴婚宴的人,让他们听他讲这个离奇的故事——他想寻找听众,承认自己的错误,说出自己的故事,解除内心的痛苦——赎罪。尽管老水手已经虔诚忏悔,但还是有种负罪感难以释怀,于是他渴望被人理解,宣泄出来以排除内心的痛苦。生活也是这样,当我们遇到困难、痛苦的时候,不要封闭自己,找一个忠实的听众,把自己的苦恼说给他听。这是一种释放压力的好 方法 。

  总之,柯尔律治的这首诗歌以神秘、怪诞著称,其中的心理描写可谓是典范!诗歌探讨了罪与罚、善与恶,生与死等哲学问题,宣传了一切生物皆上帝听造的教义。但诗歌的真正价值并不在故事本身或它所包含的哲理上,而在以造型艺术的精确性和音乐的流动感为读者创造了一幅幅神奇的海洋画面:时而风平浪静,沉寂安宁;时而风暴骤起,一片喧嚣。在写作此诗时,柯尔律治并不熟悉大海,但他能凭借想象,使真实的情形与幻想的景象互相交织,把平凡的细节与诗意的象征融为一体,充分显示了瑰丽奇特的想象能力。在诗艺上,长诗将英国民歌的自由与古典文人诗的谨严冶于一炉,炼就出适合表达浪漫主义情绪的活泼自然的诗体,而长诗的音韵与节奏之美,也表现了诗人能让文字进行歌唱的本领。

  [参考文献]: 《英美文学选读》 天津大学出版社出版

  《英国文学简史》 河南人民出版社出版

  《道德心理学》 中南大学出版社出版
 毕业英语论文范文大全篇2
  浅谈东西方数字九的 文化 对比分析与翻译

  一、前言

  "数是人类思维发展到一定阶段,为适应社会生产活动的需要,在符号的帮 助下产生的。"(苏金智,19 91)"数字是语言学中的一个特殊的领域。在科 学的数字世界里,它的功能是计算,秩序严谨,职司分明,是 实数;而在人类 心灵的数字世界中,它的功能是表义,许多数字经过“神化”后成为“玄数”、 “虚数”、“ 天数"。它们有着极其丰富的外延和内涵。"(王秉钦,1998) 由于受东西方文化传统、宗教信仰、语言崇拜、地理环境等方面的影响,数 字的神化存在着东西方的差异 ,但也存在着共性,有着共同的规律。在"数的 灵物崇拜"上各民族都有普通性。东方人有自己心目中的"天 数",而西方人 也有自己心目中的"神数"。神秘数字的演化规律一般经过"神化—泛化—虚 化"的过程。( 王秉钦,1998)

  东西方已有不少有关数字科学的专著和论文, 如毕达哥拉斯(phythagoras) 学派的T·丹齐克的《数 科学语言》(商务印书馆,1998),英国人伦拉德·法 拉的《七的探源》;国内也有不少学者就数字写过著作 和论文,并开展过学术探 讨。如,王秉钦教授在其《语言与翻译新论》的中篇第六章就以"数的语义范围 比较 与翻译"为专题;苏金智曾写过《数的灵物崇拜》(载〈语言、社会、文化》 440页, 语文出版社,1991,1) 等。在1998 年南昌大学主办的"中国英汉语 比较研究会第二届年会暨第三次学术研讨会"上,英汉文化对比专 业委员会会 员曾就中南工业大学外语学院吴玲英老师的《中西文学中"以三为法”的文化模 式》展开了激烈的 讨论。本人认为东方人,尤其是中国人,自己心目中的天数 是"九"而不是"三",也并非完全是因为"九" 是"三"的倍数。

  二、东西方数字"九"的文化对比分析

  在我国,人们之所以把"九"看成是自己心目中的"天数"和最富有神奇色 彩的数字, 是因为"九" 这个数字的象征意义(symbolicmeaning),在我国可 以说历时最久,涉及面也最广。 "九"作为数不同于一 般数字,在中国古代被 认为是一种神秘的数字,它起初是龙形(或蛇形)图腾化之文字,继而演化出"神 圣" 之意,于是中国古代历代帝王为了表示自己神圣的权力为天赐神赋,便竭 力把自己同“九”联系在一起。如天 分九层,极言其高,天证/诞日为正月初 九,天子祭天一年九次。更有趣的是连皇宫建筑都与"九"有关。例 如,北京 城有九门,天安门城楼面阔九问,门上饰有九路钉(即每扇门的门钉纵横各九排)。 汉语词汇中也常 用"九"来形容帝王将相的称谓,如"九五之尊"(imperial throne);称官位仅次于皇帝的王爷为"九千岁 "等。

  根据阴阳五行与数的关系,万物之根均为数,宇宙也是数。数始于1而终于 10,五行也是数,按传统的五行 理论来划分,则1、2为木:1为阳木,2为阴 木。以3、4为火:3为阳火,4为阴火。以5、6为土:5为阳土,6为 阴土。 以7、8为金:7为阳金,8为阴金。以9、10为水:9 为阳水,10为阴水。这 就是将"象"、"数"与五行 结合起来推演变化,用以显示事物发展变化的内 在联系。由此看来,"九"是最大的阳数,象征着天。 传说 古 代中国人把天分 为九层,九层天是天的最高处,汉语中有关词汇有"九重霄"(指极高的天空, "九霄云外" ,"九天揽月","九天九地"等。另外,天坛,这个明清两代 祭天的场所,其建筑无处不体现着“九”的象 征意义。 民间传说中还有"九头 鸟"(nine-headed bird: a fabulous bird whose appearance was f ormerlyregarded as a bad omcn)的故事。

  中国人以"九"为大数,刘师培在《古书疑义举例补》一书中写道:"凡数 指其极者,皆得称之为'九' ;"《素问》中说:"天地之数,始于一,终于 九。"因此,汉语中有"九九归一"或"九九归原"之说。因 从"九"为数之 极而引出人生之限,故"明九"或"暗九"均为人生之"坎",避讳有“九”之 岁。例如:“ 老太太因明年八十一岁,是个暗九。"(《红楼梦》)。日本人一般 认为"九"是"苦命和痛苦"的象征,因 为"九"与"苦"同音,因此忌讳 "九"。然而,《外语与外语教学》曾报道过国内一位学者曾为考证这一点 ,采 用"全选法"将日本某地电话号码其中的几千个姓和名分别进行统计,结果发现 将"九"作为姓的只占极 少数(约占0.35%),而将"九"作为名的却不少(约 占35%)。看来,日本人忌讳"九"也并非绝对。

  此外,《词源》中说:"九:虚指多数。""九"作虚数解时,是数的一种 语义模糊现象。《现代汉语词 典》中,"九"的意思有三个:(1)数目,八加一 后所得;(2)从 冬至 起每九天是一个"九",从一"九" 数起,二"九"、三 "九",一直数到九"九"为止。冬练三九,夏练三伏;(3)表示多数或多次: 九泉,三 弯九转等。因此, 汉语中有不少和"九"有关的 成语 。如:"九牛一 毛"、"九死一生"、"九牛二虎之力" 、"九流宾客"等等。

  在我国,数字"九"涉及面在所有数字中最广。含有数字"九"的词汇也十 分丰富。如,"九州"是指传 说中的我国上古行政区划,后用作"中国"的代 称。因此,有的全国性的电视节目就取名为“九州方圆”;“ 九族"(the nine degrees of kindred: either thenine generations from one's great-great-gr andfather down toone's great-great-grandson;or four generations of one'spatemal relations, three generations of one's matemalrelations, and two generations of noe's wife's relatio ns),古代有一种残酷的刑法叫"诛灭九族";古代传说 "龙生九子,各有所好"。因此,《红楼梦》第九回 中用"一龙生九种,种种各 别"来比喻贾氏家族族大人多,龙蛇混杂,好坏不一,各种各样的人都有。还有 " 九龙杯"等。此外,在文娱、体育等词汇中,数字"九"也比比皆是。如, 许多歌名都以"九"开头:"九妹 "、"九九艳阳天"、"九百九十九朵玫瑰" 等;乐器中也有"九音锣";在体育活动中,"九柱戏"(nine pins),兵器中 有"九节鞭"[但这与西方文化中的"九尾鞭”(cat-o '-nine- tails: an instrurnent of punishment so calledfrom the nine pieces of leather or cord which compose it)意义不大一样]。 地名中也有一些以"九"开头的,如"九 寨沟"、"九华山"、"九江"和"九龙"等。此外,中国人常把" 九"看成 为吉祥数字之一。在申请电话号码时,人们宁愿多出

  钱去买一个尾数为"8"或 "9"的吉祥号码。比 如,湖南有线电视台的"欢乐热线"号码为"16899919"。 在西方,数字"九"也是人们心目中的"神数"之一。对西方人来说, "九"的象征意义是"神性"、 "神圣之至"。 英语权威字典Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary and Webster's ThirdIntema tional Dictionary 中 对"九"所解释的意义比《现代汉语词典》所解释的意义还多,分别有:

  1)one more than eight, three threes, the square of three;2) nine units of objects (a tota l of nine) ; 3) a: thenumerable quantity symbolized by the arabic numeral 9; b: thefigure 9 ; 4) nine o'clock——compared Bell table, timeillustration; 5) the ninth size in a set series: as a; aplaying team of nine members,esp.a baseball team; b:the firstor last 9 hol es of an 18-hole golf course…。

  其中收入与"九"有关词语和成语多达近二十条。常用的有:

  a nine-day's wonder (an object or event that creates ashort-lived sensation)

  ____Those political expositions…that make a nine day'snine wonder till something fresh c omes alone——Mary Deasy. nine times out of ten(very often)

  be dressed up to the nines(elaborately dressed, as for aformal occasion)

  ____She dressed herself up to the nines and went to theparty.

  in the nineholes:in the difficult situation nine-men's morris: morris played with nine counters A cat has nine lives: A cat can move so fast and jump sowell that he seems to escape being killed many times.

  从以上的解释还可以发现一个规律:数字"九"及其倍数在西方也被广泛运 用于文娱和体育活动中。如, 保龄球(bowling )中的瓶状木柱数(ninepins) 为"九"; 高尔夫球 球场有一十八个洞:跳子棋的棋板上各 方均为九个孔; 古 时英国还有一种九个男人一起跳的舞蹈(morrisdance)等。由此看来,数字"九" 也倍 受西方人的青睐。

  总之,在东西方文化中,数字"九"含有以下主要共性:

  1)东西方大多数人把数字"九"看成神秘的数字, 其象征意义均有"神 圣"之意。

  2)在东西方文化中,数字"九"均可虚指多数。

  3)数字"九"被广泛运用于文体项目中。

  数字“九”在东西方文化中的个性恐怕主要在于:对中国人来说,其神奇色 彩要比西方人更浓;其象征意 义的历史在东方文化中比西方文化中更悠久;其 涉及面在东方文化中比西方文化中更广泛。

  三、数字"九"的翻译问题

  罗马西塞罗说过:"翻译不是字当句对,而是保留语言的总风格和力 量。""按分量而不是按数量译词" 。此处所说的数字是指经过神化、泛化、 虚化了的"虚数","实数"的翻译不在此例。根据这一理论,结合 东西方文 化的共性与个性,可采用如下的翻译方法,并遵循以下的翻译原则。

  可采取的翻译方法主要有:

  (一)保留原数字

  e.g. We thought our cat would be killed when he fell fromthe roof of the house. He was not, he used up one of his ninelives.

  我们以为我们的猫从屋顶掉下来会死了,它并没死,只失掉九条命中的一条。 这样翻译过来,人们很容易接受,因为人们已熟悉"猫有九命"这个成语, 并能够促进东西方文化的融合 。

  (二)转换成各民族喜爱的数字

   out of ten——十之八九 nine days' wonder———可翻译为"昙花一现", 这样翻译可以加深对奈 达的"对等"和纽马克的"转 换"翻译理论的理解。

  (三)增舍数字

  比如,"九死一生"可翻译成"a narrow escape from death;survival after many hazards";又如 ,"九九归一,还是他说的话对。"可翻译成"All things considered,what he says is right."其译文均 舍弃了数字,转译其 形象意义。

  应遵循的原则主要有:

  (一)民族性原则

  比如,汉语中的"费了九牛二虎之力",《汉英词典》(外研社,1996)的译 文有三个:"strain onese lf to the limit; use everyounce of one's strength; make herculean efforts"。笔者认为第二种译文 "use every ounce of one's strength "更符合"民族性原则”,成功地将东方文化中该成语的比喻意义转 化成了西方文化语言中的形象意义。

  (二)习语性原则

  比如:"匡超人此时恍若亲见瑶宫仙子,月下嫦娥,那魂灵都飘到九霄云外 去了。"(《儒林外史》), 其译文为"Kuang felt that he was gazing at a goddess and his spirit had flown to heaven."这种译 文因遵循了"习语性原则", 充分地体现了人类交际行为的一个最根本原则——语言——符号的经济原则。

  (三)形象性原则

  数字用于模糊意义时,一般都失去了其数量意义而具有形象意义。翻译时, 必须越出其理性意义而捕捉其 与 其它 的词结合后所产生的形象意义。

  比如:"飞流直下三千尽,疑是银河落九天(李白)。"此句诗中的"九天" 的形象意义为"极高的天空 ",因此,可翻译成"Down itcascades a sheer three thousand feet—As if the Silver River [i.e. the Milky. Way]were falling from heaven!"

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