法律论文如何与外语结合

法律论文如何与外语结合

The theory of criminal law of shallow understanding errors
1. irrtumslehre
Legal irrtumslehre, namely, refers to the illegality mistake for own behavior in law, whether what crime constitutes a crime shall be punished by, or what is wrong, is to oneself the legal nature of the action of meaning or misunderstandings. Legal irrtumslehre usually includes three conditions: (1) the actor's behavior in law does not constitute a crime, the offender and constitutes a crime for which imaginary guilty, (2) the behavior in law constitutes a crime and does not constitute a crime, the offender mistaken assumptions that innocent, (3) for his act constitutes a crime shall be convicted and punishment in light of the existing errors, misunderstanding or punishment. Due to the legal irrtumslehre, only to the behavior of the offender is not correct understanding of the legal assessment, and for their actions in fact correct understanding of the situation is still there, so its act constitutes a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility is and how it is not usually occurs.
（1）Imaginary innocent treatment principle
The principles for imaginary innocence, whether it involves a deliberately elements. Foreign criminal law theory basically has the following kinds:
1）Should know that don't speak, just for criminal facts have understanding. Canada criminal code article 19 regulation: "the ignorance of the law excuses and crime can be ShuZui reason." Motto: "Roman law and legal disclaimer" somehow also expressed a principle, namely: "in the crime as subjective FanYi established condition, not request to recognize his behavior of richtswitrig".
2）Should know the reason, according to two: moral responsibility theory, personality responsibility theory. Moral responsibility theory emphasizes on the rationality of free will blame illegal conduct, is considered to be objective stance.
3）That said, the possible illegality of responsibility for deliberately, at least to the possibility of understanding illegality. While in China mainland, the introduction of the concept of crime has another concept -- social consciousness that harm to discuss richtswitrig already meaningless. Because the deliberate crime according to law condemn the illegality of the offender is not known, the law itself is not damaged, the law of the social consciousness is harm. Social harm consciousness is the essential contents of the crime, illegal consciousness is the legal form of social consciousness. Therefore, our country law more emphasis is on the rationality of essence, which is harmful to the society values.
Just because of its social harmfulness, with a social moral evaluation colour, easier for people to grasp and observe. Therefore, the author thinks that, in general, the person need to recognize his behavior may be the result of inevitable or harmful to the society, and has already know. With intentionally But in fact, the forbidden by law and mass that is harmful to the society in our country nowadays the behavior under the constitution should be consistent, in other words, know the social harmfulness also know the possibility of illegal, but know the possibility of illegal is inevitable should also realize social harmfulness, both are unified. Therefore, it is generally thought that the law is no excuse, the reason of law does not exclude the misunderstanding in principle, but can be culpable for deliberately discretion.
（2） Misunderstandings treatment principle. Punishment
We might as well so the essence of blame for his due: the crime in the subjective should blame or blame, for the intent or negligence performance. If the offender because of misunderstanding that legal person feels very innocent, lack of this should blame or condemning sexual, from the fundamental measure, blame is absolutely not consider disclaimer. Especially in the modern society, the legal category SAN marino, legal entry in different fields and different levels of books, recognized, comprehend legal apparently endless and same, so the person of law and misunderstandings, not inexcusable. Now, both in theory and practice, the method not cling to forgive "seems to have in shake. Therefore, to a certain extent, can also think admits exceptions excusable is legal misunderstanding of criminal law is an important symbol of humanity. In addition, it was not in the act of which is prohibited by the laws and regulations, especially after a circumstance, should have knowledge of richtswitrig actor, constitute the understanding of deliberate point of view, with the attitude of this understanding, of course, that is not the illegality or by the simple statement actor. The author thinks that the only when the legal establishment of may, FangKeZu but intentionally.
2. The fact mistake
That mistake, is to determine its subjective behavior nature and the criminal responsibility of the relevant facts wrong understanding. From the wrong reasons and phenomenon of angles, generally known that there are several mistakes:
（1） Object irrtumslehre
The object is known for errors, whether there is objectively error object. It includes actor in the implementation of the existing criminal behavior of the hazards for the object and actually does not exist, or for criminal object and actually does not exist, or infringe a criminal object and actually invaded another crime object. The object of objects is usually known errors caused by mistake, but the object of different social relationship reflects different. Evil doer of objects and actual expected in fact not only harm object does not agree, and in the nature of law is not consistent. Therefore, the object irrtumslehre may affect the form of sin, crime accomplishment, and may even attempted to influence the crime. For example, in view of the circumstances, not a thought before the enemy, and a party came to stick, afterwards just know the ox was wounded. A thought of damage is "people", and the actual wounded is "cow", do not belong to the same laws of the object. Similar situation and will generally be mistaken for drug trafficking items, Actor will stolen items in the theft of guns in stealing together. This object from the subjective errors, see, is a kind of mistake, From the objective, because the mistake crime to no avail, where the criminal attempted belongs.
1）Object mistake
Objects can be generalized mistake, including object mistake to belong to the object know mistake is inevitable object irrtumslehre. These include, is known to be wrong object of legal property of the same object mistake and legal properties of different objects, namely the object irrtumslehre irrtumslehre. In order to distinguish with the object mistake here, the cognition to the same object only mean error between the different objects, namely the misunderstanding of the evil doer expected objects and actual harm to the object, but not in fact in the legal nature of the same situation. This object mistake again say things on purpose mistake not criminal responsibility. As a reserve, killing b shall be killed as b and c, do not affect a rap. This is the need to consider that a kill b behavior "mistake" cause others (c), belong to an intentional crime (b) "death", for the excess result, according to the results, which determine the ordinary mail of death was deliberately recognized for deliberately, to the death of the fault is propylene, identified as negligence, according to the intention or negligence of the general mark recognized FanYi or state of mind, not applicable rules of the mistake.
2） Behavior irrtumslehre
Behavior mainly includes two kind of mistake: first, the behavior nature irrtumslehre. That actor has to its social harm nature, such as understanding not imaginary defense. Behavior nature mistake might affect the form of sin, and may also affect crime. Second, the behavior tools (methods) irrtumslehre. That person to use when the conduct of tool (methods), which affects not correct understanding of harm results, behavior tools (methods) mistake can affect crime or attempted was founded, also can affect crime or belongs to the incident, a typical for murder on hazardous substances, because the drug failure and failed to kill people, can think method or tools for error doer of consciousness beyond reason not to succeed. And as actor see armour, second coming together, hence shot to play, but can't hit by the party and. Look, this is from the phenomenon of an object, or the final results for the mistake, but this error is based on the fact that the wrong doer identify offender is carefully identify to begin, can think recognize is accurate, errors in ChaWu itself. The solution to this situation, "said", its legal with qualitative and recognize wrong object is consistent, namely directly recognized as an intentional homicide accomplishment. The death of a person is directly intentionally to b, death is the indirect intentional, just for a to b is attempted, accomplished. Additionally, if in daily life because misidentification object and damage of consequences, the crime itself is not just any criminal negligence because of problems.
3)Causality irrtumslehre
Causality mistake, is on his behavior and harmful results of actual connection between errors. Generally include: first, not some harm result, as has happened actor. This generally constitute a crime. Second, has certain harm result, but not for actor or for his behavior is caused, and does not affect crime accomplishment. Third, really happened, the offender is aware of its behavior, but with the actual development between the harm to the process or a mistake, general to punish crime accomplishment. In theory, the offender is not only a crime, but continuous movement, this several continuous action is not a few crime, but a crime. In this sense, doesn't exist on the results of the sack.
irrtumslehre and facts mistake and procedures
Domestic scholars in fact know mistakes and errors between the issue legal representative views mainly include:
（1）For own behavior whether in law constitutes a crime, criminal or what kind of criminal punishment shall be under the incorrect understanding is legal irrtumslehre for his behavior on the implementation of the incorrect understanding is the fact that mistake,
（2）The objectivity of crime is a false understanding of crime, that mistake of objective facts have clear understanding, only to act in the evaluation of existing laws on the concept of law is not correct mistakes。
（3）Actor known facts and actual fact don't agree is wrong, the person that judgment and objective law is law of illegal inconsistency errors.
These ideas basically could in theory and legal irrtumslehre fact distinguish mistakes, it is important to emphasize that：
1) With the conviction that the so-called irrelevant, as this mistake to hit each other, the shooting head caused the death of heart, without vision of research into our.
2) Study of the theory of error, error occurs when the purpose, but whether to intentionally resistance, reduce plots affected only the wrong cognition, natural sentencing nor will it into the error theory category.
3) This does not constitute a crime and actor for crime, and for their behavior in the criminal law on the crimes and how to apply for criminal punishment on such specific knowledge error, conviction according to law. Based on this, the author thinks that, at the fact that criminal law is only to know wrong doer of elements to know the so-called objective facts constituents of mistake is the fact that the legal irrtumslehre error refers to the legal action is illegal and the evaluation of the mistake. From the theory of facts and legal irrtumslehre error, but the problem is in the law, criminal elements to the facts and law closely combined circumstances (like some administrative crimes and economic crimes), or is in a fact itself contains certain laws of evaluation content, to distinguish with a mistake is the fact that mistake or legal wrong, is often difficult. If the property of his humanity and obscenity obscenity, administrative rules and regulations, JinYuOu, disrupt public until its precondition of the legitimacy of the public, and legal irrtumslehre facts wrong intertwined, and this is what we distinguish facts and legal irrtumslehre errors will solve the problem.
In some cases, the defendant should know that because of the lack of knowledge, and not to the behavior of social harmfulness, so that the defendant is not "knowledge they will entail harmful consequences to society, and hope or allows such results" and deliberate crime, the burden of proof is only FanYi prosecution, in addition, prosecution without proof the defendant not normal, but normal mental and spiritual normal presumption defendant directly if the defendant that his spirit is not normal, it shall provide necessary evidence by himself to prove. Thus, the author, on legal irrtumslehre processing, can adopt the presumption of ways to handle. Which country presumption every normal citizens are known, unless the law can put forward defense "advantage prove" above, or the evidence rebut these presumption is established. From the efficiency of lawsuit, said the country is impossible to prove the defendant is known of the law.

法律论文怎么写

　　1、论文题目：要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。
　　2、目录：目录是论文中主要段落的简表。（短篇论文不必列目录）
　　3、提要：是文章主要内容的摘录，要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字，多不超过三百字为宜。
　　4、关键词或主题词：关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的，是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语，便于信息系统汇集，以供读者检索。 每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词，另起一行，排在“提要”的左下方。
　　主题词是经过规范化的词，在确定主题词时，要对论文进行主题，依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。
　　5、论文正文：
　　（1）引言：引言又称前言、序言和导言，用在论文的开头。 引言一般要概括地写出作者意图，说明选题的目的和意义, 并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。
　　〈2）论文正文：正文是论文的主体，正文应包括论点、论据、 论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容：
　　a.提出-论点；
　　b.分析问题-论据和论证；
　　c.解决问题-论证与步骤；
　　d.结论。
　　6、一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料，列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页，标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。
　　中文：标题--作者--出版物信息（版地、版者、版期）：作者--标题--出版物信息
　　所列参考文献的要求是：
　　（1）所列参考文献应是正式出版物，以便读者考证。
　　（2）所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。

法律硕士论文撰写要求

一、学位论文的基本要求
论文必须是一篇（或由一组论文组成的一篇）系统的、完整的学术论文，申请者本人在导师的指导下独立完成的研究成果，论文不得抄袭和剽窃他人成果。论文的学术观点必须明确，且立论正确，推理严谨，数据可靠，层次分明，文字通畅。论文应使用中文撰写（外语专业除外），硕士学位论文字数一般为4～5万（医学院：3～4万），硕士专业学位论文字数一般为2～5万（医学院：1～3万），博士学位论文字数一般为8～10万（医学院：学术型4～5万；专业学位2～4万）。
二、撰写要求
论文一般包括以下12部分，依次为：
1、封面
采用学校统一印制的学位论文封面。
2、题名页
包括中文题名页和英文题名页。题名页除封面上的内容外，还应添加资助基金项目、研究方向、申请学位级别、培养单位等内容。
3、扉页
包括论文原创性声明、论文版权使用授权书和论文答辩决议书。有关人员需按规定签名。原创性声明、版权使用授权书可在研究生院主页下载，答辩决议书可使用复印件。
4、摘要
摘要是论文内容的总结概括，应突出学位论文的创造性成果或新见解，简明扼要地陈述学位论文的研究目的、内容、方法、成果和结论。摘要页的下方注明本文的关键词（4～6个）。
摘要包括中文摘要和英文摘要，中文摘要力求语言精炼准确，字数一般不超过500字（硕士学位论文）或800字（博士学位论文）。英文摘要内容应与中文摘要内容一致。
5、目录
目录是论文的提纲，是论文各组成部分的小标题，应分别依次列出并注明页码。各级标题分别以1、1.1、1.1.1等数字依次标出。
6、符号说明（非必须）
学位论文中符号代表的意义及单位（或量纲）的说明。
7、正文
正文是学位论文的主体和核心部分，一般包括以下几个方面：
（1）绪论
绪论是论文主体部分的开端，应言简意赅，不要与摘要雷同或成为摘要的注解。除了说明研究目的、方法、结果等，还应评述国内外研究现状和相关领域中已有的研究成果；介绍本项研究工作前提和任务，理论依据和实验基础，涉及范围和预期结果以及该论文在已有的基础上所解决的问题。
（2）各具体章节
内容必须实事求是，客观真实，准确完备，合乎逻辑，层次分明，简练可读。不同的学科专业可有不同的规定。一般由标题、文字叙述、图、表、公式等构成。
图、表应有“自明性”，即只看图、表内容，不阅读正文，就可理解图意、表意。图、表应有图号、表号和图题、表题（图、表的名称）。引用图应在图题右上角标出文献来源。曲线图的纵横坐标必须标注“量、标准规定符号、单位”，此三者只有在不必要标明（如无量纲等）的情况下方可省略。照片图要求主题和主要显示部分的轮廓鲜明，便于制版，照片上应有表示目的物尺寸的标度。绘图必须工整、清楚、规范。其中机械零件图按机械制图规格要求，示意图应能清楚反映图示内容。
（3）结论
结论是论文最终和总体的结论，应精炼、准确、完整。着重阐述作者研究的创造性成果及其在本研究领域中的意义，还可进一步提出需要讨论的问题和建议。
8、参考文献
论文的撰写应本着严谨求实的科学态度，凡有引用他人成果之处，均应按论文中所引用的顺序列于文末。引用文献的作者不超过3位时全部列出，超过时列前3位，后加“等”字或“et al.”。
参考文献的著录内容应齐全，应符合国家有关标准（GB/T7714-2005 《文后参考文献著录规则》）。如：
参考文献是期刊时，应依次列出：序号 作者，文章题目，期刊名，年份，卷号(期号)，起止页码；
参考文献是专著时，应依次列出：序号 作者，书名，版次（第一版不标注），出版地，出版单位，出版年份，起止页码；
参考文献是专利时，应依次列出：序号 专利申请者，题名，国别，专利文献种类，专利号，出版日期；
参考文献是技术标准时，应依次列出：序号 起草责任者，标准代号，标准顺序号－发布年，标准名称，出版地，出版者，出版年度。
9、注释（非必须）
可作为脚注在页下分别著录，切忌在文中注释。
10、附录（非必须）
是对论文主体的补充项目。
11、致谢
作者对完成论文提供帮助和支持的组织和个人予以感谢的文字记载，致谢应实事求是。
12、学术论文和科研成果目录
本人攻读学位期间发表（或录用）的学术论文、获得的科研成果、专利等，分别按时间顺序列出。
三、学位论文的编辑格式及打印、装订要求
1、字号字体：一级标题用三号粗黑体；二级标题用四号粗黑体；三级标题用小四号粗黑体。正文用小四号或五号宋体。
2、图、表、附注、参考文献、公式：
（1）编号：图、表、附注、参考文献、公式一律采用阿拉伯数字连续编号。如：图1 图2 图3 或：表1 表2 表3等（仅有一幅图或表时，仍应编为图1或表1），依此类推。
（2）图：图中一律用英文标注，图文说明用中文，图题采用中英文对照，中文用5号楷体，英文用5号字。图题置于图号之后，图号及图题置于图下方居中位置。
（3）表：表的编排一般是内容和测试项目由左至右横读，数据依序竖读，表题置于表号之后，表号及表题置于表上方居中位置。
（4）公式：公式应另起一行居中排，较长的公式尽可能在等号处回行，或者在“+”、“-”等符号处回行。公式中分数线的横线，长短要分清，主要的横线应与等号取平。公式后应注明编号，编号用括弧括起来写在右边行末，其间不加虚线。
3、排版打印：学位论文以A4纸页面排版，双面打印。
4、装订：依次按照中文题名页、英文题名页、原创性声明、论文版权使用授权书、论文答辩决议书、中文摘要、英文摘要、目录、符号说明（非必须）、正文、参考文献、注释（非必须）、附录（非必须）、致谢、学术论文和科研成果目录的顺序，用学校统一印制的学位论文封面、线装成册。