英国地理英文论文文献

英国地理学专家6日发布一款全球地质情况电子地图。发布者说，这是世界首款类似地图，能指导人们勘探和开采油气资源和寻找掩埋温室气体的合适地点，提醒人们注意地震和泥石流等自然灾害易发地带等。这款电子地质地图汇集83个国家和地区地质中心的现有数据，标记全球各地植被、地下水、土壤和人类建筑群等不同地质带。负责协调地图绘制工作的英国地质勘查研究所首席专家伊恩·杰克逊说：“人们脚下的岩石与自然资源和矿产、人们面临的危险以及环境变化都有极大的关系。”专家说，这幅地质电子图可以帮人们寻找适合开采矿产、石油和天然气的地点，提醒人们易发泥石流和地震等灾害的危险地带，还能显示丰富地下水资源储藏地。地图还能告诉人们，哪里的岩石带适合用来掩埋温室气体。一些专家认为，可从发电厂等温室气体主要生成源捕捉二氧化碳气体，压缩后以泵压方式储于地表下，缓解气候变暖趋势。这种方法需准确挑选掩埋地，否则可能给环境造成更大麻烦。路透社报道，这一地质电子图的绘制项目耗资大约93万美元，目前涵盖全球70％的地区，印度和一些非洲国家尚未写入地图。

The Atlantic Ocean has a significant effect on Britain’s climate. Although the British Isles are as far north in latitude as Labrador in Canada, they have a mild climate throughout the year. This is due to the Gulf Stream, a current of warm water that flows up from the Caribbean past Britain. Prevailing southwesterly winds moving across this warmer water bring moisture and moderating temperatures to the British Isles. The surrounding waters moderate temperatures year-round, making the UK warmer in winter and cooler in summer than other areas at the same latitude. Great Britain’s western coast tends to be warmer than the eastern coast, and the southern regions tend to be warmer than the northern regions. The mean annual temperature in the far north of Scotland is 6°C (43°F), and in warmer southwestern England it is 11°C (52°F). In general, temperatures are ordinarily around 15°C (60°F) in the summer and around 5°C (40°F) in the winter. Temperatures rarely ever exceed 32°C (90°F) or drop below -10°C (14°F) anywhere in the British Isles. In general, frosts, when the temperature dips below 0°C (32°F), are rare.Winds blowing off the Atlantic Ocean bring clouds and large amounts of moisture to the British Isles. Average annual precipitation is more than 1,000 mm (40 in), varying from the extremes of 5,000 mm (196 in) in the western Highlands of Scotland to less than 500 mm (20 in) in the driest parts of East Anglia in England. The western part of Britain receives much more moisture than the eastern areas. It rains year-round, and in the winter the rain may change to snow, particularly in the north. It snows infrequently in the south, and when it does it is likely to be wet, slushy, and short-lived. Southern Britain has experienced episodes of drought in recent years, although historically these are rare occurrences. Some regard these episodes as indicators of global climatic changes.The climate has affected settlement and development in Britain for thousands of years. The mild, wet climate ensured that thick forests rich in game, as well as rivers and streams abundant with fish, were available to prehistoric hunters and gatherers. Britain was regarded as a cold, remote, and distant part of the ancient Roman Empire in the first few centuries AD, so relatively few Romans were motivated to move there for trade, administrative, or military reasons. Preindustrial settlements clustered in southern England, where the climate was milder, the growing season longer, and the rich soil and steady rainfall produced bountiful harvests. Successive waves of invaders made the plains of southern England their primary objective. After the Industrial Revolution began in the 18th century, populations grew enormously in areas with rich resources beneath the ground, particularly coal, even though these resources were sometimes located in the colder, harsher northern regions of England or the western Lowlands of Scotland.

英国论文参考文献格式

在投稿前，如果就能根据期刊要求格式化文稿中的参考文献，不仅能给编辑留下良好的印象，也为自己将来修改文章省去很多麻烦，那么英国论文参考文献格式应该怎么样处理？

Journal （期刊）

期刊（Journal）是最常见的参考文献类型，一般需要依次列出以下信息：作者，文章的题目，期刊名称，发表年份，卷号，页码。

提醒：页码也可由DOI、文章编号(Article Number)代替；期刊类型参考文献也可以改成网页类型。

英文学术论文中几种常见的参考文献格式

Book（书）

参考文献为书（Book），一般需要列出的信息有：作者，书名，出版社，出版社地点（包括城市和国家），年份，页码

英文学术论文中几种常见的参考文献格式

书中的Chapter（章节）

书中的某个章节（Chapter），需要流出的信息有：作者，章节的题目，书名，编辑，出版社，出版社地点（包括城市和国家），年份，卷号，页码

英文学术论文中几种常见的'参考文献格式

还未发表的文章（Unpublished Work）

引用了一篇还未发表的文章，你需要列出以下信息：作者，文章题目，期刊名称，阶段。

英文学术论文中几种常见的参考文献格式

个人通讯（Personal communication）

个人通讯一般需要你列出作者所在机构和通讯时间。形式一般如图所示。

英文学术论文中几种常见的参考文献格式

论文（Thesis）

在参考文献中，也会出现硕士和博士论文的引用，需要给出的信息有：作者，论文题目，论文级别（硕士还是博士），大学名称，大学地址（城市和国家），完成时间

英文学术论文中几种常见的参考文献格式

会议（Proceedings）

一个学术会议也可以被引用。一般所需的信息有：作者，会议的名称，会议的地址（城市和国家）会议的时间。