无形资产核算毕业论文

知识经济具有许多不同于工业经济的特点，随着它的到来，如同一个国家经济的增长愈来愈依赖于科技的进步一样，企业的进步也愈来愈依赖于所拥有的无形资产，实物资产的作用已退居第二。无形资产的丰富程度和质量高低事关企业的存亡兴衰，因此无形资产的概念必须明确，计量范围必须扩大。只有更广泛、更客观、更准确地计量无形资产，才能满足企业的发展需要，才能有利于企业的投资者、债权人、企业及政府管理部门等的科学决策。探讨知识经济下无形资产会计工作具有重要的意义，笔者试从以下几个方面对其问题进行一些粗浅分析。一、无形资产的地位变化及其确认条件在知识经济条件下，无形资产贸易增长更为迅速，地位更加突出。与此同时，无形资产价值在企业中所占比重，正在不断上升，有的已占绝大部分。在20世纪70年代，西方发达国家中企业无形资产所占比重约为20%，90年代则上升到30％以上，依靠科技进步所提高的劳动生产率的比重，已从20世纪初的5％～20％增加到目前的70％～90％。 近几年国际贸易中，以技术贸易为代表的无形资产贸易迅速增长，年平均增长速度大大超过其它商品贸易的增长速度。各国技术贸易总额1964年为27亿美元，1974年为110亿美元，80年代中期为400亿美元，1993年则高达1500亿美元，这就是一个明显的例子。而在我国，如北京爱特信互联网技术公司（搜狐网页）无形资产含量就占80％以上。由此可见，在知识经济时代，无形资产的地位比以往任何时候都显得更为重要。无形资产既能为企业带来巨大的经济效益，又是对外投资的重要方式，也是增强企业技术经济实力的重要途径之一。但是，由于现有规范中缺乏对无形资产予以会计确认的具体标准，因此，各企业对无形资产的认定显得比较混乱。根据《企业会计准则》（财政部，1993）第三章第三十一条的规定：“无形资产是指企业长期使用而没有实物形态的资产，包括专利权、非专利技术、商标权、著作权、土地使用权、商誉等。”从表面上看，这一主要以列举方式定义的无形资产似乎一目了然，但目前公司的实际披露状况却似乎正好相反。一方面，在我国传统会计中，无形资产虽有所反映，却一般只有7~8项，许多无形资产价值十分巨大，例如服务品牌，企业品牌等，却未能纳入会计核算范围，足见传统会计无形资产确认范围之狭窄；而另一方面，据有关统计，上市公司列示的无形资产具体名目累计已达百种之多，而且，很多无形资产名称在一定程度上已造成了理解上的困难，如“乡村会员证”、“电话选号”、“DOT”等。因此，如何加强无形资产具体类别名称的规范，已成为无形资产规范所要解决的首要问题之一。鉴于上述所指出的问题，无形资产核算的范围应该得到明确限制，同时对无形资产具体构成项目的名称应作出简明而有效的统一规范。这里就产生一个无形资产确认条件的问题，即满足什么条件下的无形资产项目才能作为企业无形资产入账。国际会计准则委员会发布的“无形资产原则公告”（草案）认为，只有满足与该资产项目相联系的未来经济利益可能流入企业且已被证实有充足的资源，并能够可靠地计量该资产项目的成本。我国会计准则的规定与之相似。据此，一般地认为只有外购或接受投资取得的无形资产才可以被确认为无形资产，而自创专利商誉等无形资产的开发研究成本则不予确认。但在知识经济条件下则应当根据实际适当予以确认，这是因为根据会计信息质量特征的有关要求，如不确认这些无形资产，势必在一定程度上偏离权责发生制的要求，诸如商誉等作为反映企业具有较高盈利能力的信息，若不及时提供，势必不能满足经营者正确报告受托责任的要求，也不能满足与企业有利害关系的各方决策的需要。二、关于无形资产计量方面的问题技术进步所导致的企业生产函数中知识资本比重的不断增加，因此，为了提供客观、真实的无形资产价值，必须合理反映自创无形资产。自创无形资产计量，在理论上应包括在开发研究和持有期间的全部物化劳动和活劳动的费用支出，但在实际计量操作过程中形成了与有形资产不同的特征：首先，无形资产成本的弱配比性。知识性无形资产的取得需要经过较长的时间，存在着复杂的智力支付过程，其成果的取得往往带有随机性、偶然性和关联性。由其负担全部研究开发试验等费用不甚合理，但要分别归类分配也十分困难，导致其成果价值与其对应的成本缺乏配比性。其次，无形资产成本的缺项性。现行会计制度规定，取得无形资产所支付的各项费用只有予以资本化后，方能计入无形资产，而在一些知识性无形资产取得的前期开发、培训、试验等费用因无法资本化，难以进行成本计量，不能计入无形资产，导致不少无形资产被排除在外，这样反映的无形资产就显得支离破碎。再次，无形资产成本的象征性。由于上述的弱配比性、缺项性所决定了无形资产成本的外在形式只是具有象征意义。例如商标权，其成本仅含有其注册登记等相关费用，并非其全部费用。这样就使得无形资产价值缺位，企业蒙受重大损失。正因为如此，在知识经济条件下企业无形资产计量基础逐渐由会计学家的投入价值转变为经济学家的产出价值。正由于计量上存在的种种问题，导致有些被部分企业列为无形资产的项目在另外一些企业却被当作了待摊费用或递延资产，从而导致企业间无形资产信息缺乏可比性；有些企业把本该资本化的无形资产项目列为当期费用处理，从而致使企业的盈利能力得不到恰当表达，帐外无形资产趋多。这些因素都会影响到投资者对投资决策的正确评价。要正确计量无形资产，可以考虑设置“无形资产研究开发成本”账户，该账户性质和用途同“生产成本”账户。自创无形资产时，先将无形资产在研究与开发过程中发生的材料费用、直接参与开发人员的工资及福利费用、开发过程中发生的租金、借款费用等，直接计入“无形资产研究开发成本”账户，待无形资产研究开发成功，将已计入“无形资产研究开发成本”账户的费用和依法取得时发生的注册费、律师费等费用，作为无形资产的实际成本。若无形资产研究开发失败，将已计入“无形资产研究开发成本”账户的费用直接计入当期损益或进行追溯调整。三、关于无形资产信息的披露无形资产地位的急剧上升，使得无形资产信息对企业财务状况的描述起着重要性的作用。因此无形资产信息的披露应该充分、公开、真实与科学，真实地反映无形资产的原始价值、摊销价值和净值的增减变化形态以及新创造价值的情况。但是目前的会计准则和会计制度都只规定对无形资产摊销等采用直接冲减原始价值的处理方法，既不能完整反映无形资产原始价值的增减变化，也不能真正反映成本费用中的无形资产摊销份额。在知识经济条件下，无形资产信息应通过资产负债表、损益表以及各种有关的附表及附注等形式予以披露。1． 无形资产信息在资产负债表中的披露。现行的资产负债表，在资产方设置“无形资产”项目，以价值形式反映企业无形资产的总存量。但这只是其净值，从中看不出企业对无形资产的投资和在成本费用中所占的份额，其披露是残缺不全的，不充分的，不能满足知识经济时代企业管理及外界有关部门与人士对无形资产信息的要求，应该进行改进和采取必要的措施，使之能全面反映无形资产原始价值、累计摊销价值和净值。这可以通过增设“无形资产摊销”科目并改革现行资产负债表有关无形资产的编制方法来实现。在报表中以三种价值形态分别列出，其关系如下：无形资产原始价值－无形资产累计摊销=无形资产净值2． 无形资产信息在损益表中的披露。目前通过损益表来反映无形资产所创造的效益，并不是直接而是间接反映的，故而不能从我国目前流行的多步式损益表中直接取得无形资产损益情况，例如对无形资产转让损益，只能通过其转让收入、支出，分别汇集到其它业务收入、其它业务支出科目中，通过损益表的其它业务利润项目来反映。又如对于某些无形资产，如专有技术等，因为知识经济时代高新尖技术的大量采用，技术革新而导致的提前废止，在冲销其净值的同时增加营业外支出，在损益表中从营业外支出项目中加以反映。再如对应分摊的无形资产摊销额，则通过损益表中的管理费用项目反映等等。这种间接反映无形资产损益情况的做法，显然不适应知识经济时代对无形资产经营管理的要求。其改革的出路有两条，要么改革现有损益表，使之能直接反映无形资产损益的情况；要么通过设计无形资产收益计算表来进行直接披露。3． 无形资产信息在有关附表中的披露。为了详尽反映无形资产增减变化情况，可以设计编制“无形资产增减明细表”，主要项目应按类别反映企业所拥有的无形资产；按项目反映全部无形资产增减变化的动态，即年初余额、本年增加额、本年减少额、年末余额等。企业根据内部管理与外部需要，也可以编制“无形资产收益计算表” 、“开发研究成本明细表”等等，作为正式报表的附表，与报表同时报送。4． 无形资产信息在会计报表附注中的披露。尽管以上正式报表与其附表已经基本上能够比较详细地反映企业无形资产的各类信息，但不同企业无形资产的业务千差万别，且数量繁多、交易频繁、变化无常，在知识经济时代更是如此；加上正式报表及其附表等只能提供简单的定量信息，不少有关无形资产定性及其它信息无法给予详尽反映，因此必须在相关的会计报表中以附注的形式加以披露。如应该在会计报表附注中列示有关R&D的详细信息，至少也应该列明当年的管理费用中含有多少数额的R&D的详细信息。参考文献： 1．于玉林．21世纪会计之光．上海：科学技术文献出版社，2001． 2．吕劲松．无形资产会计．北京：中国审计出版社，2000． 3．蔡吉祥．无形资产. 深圳：海天出版社，1999．

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您好， 无形资产投资(Intangible- assets Investment/ Investment of Intangible Assets) What is the investment in intangible assets? Intangible assets refer to investments of investors in order to have the patent rights, non-patent technology, trademarks, land-use rights as an investment. The two sides should agree to determine the amount of the value of intangible assets, but also the need to deal with the document as a basis. Intangible assets to invest, according to the amount of its investment in China's financial system, enterprises should not exceed 20% of registered capital; case the special needs of more than 20% by the relevant departments for examination and approval should be the maximum not more than 30%. Business investment in intangible assets received, debit, "intangible assets" accounts, credit "paid-up capital" account. Intangible asset investment is feature: non-investment entities, a long payback period, investment risk, higher return on investment.What is the intangible asset? Intangible assets: refers to the business did not have the kind of shape will enable the companies to obtain long-term over-income assets. (1) and intangible characteristics: 1, there is no physical shape. Usually pass special rights. 2, to bring excess profits. 3, for a long time to play a role. Because it can have long-term. (2), intangible assets, including: 1, patents 2, know-how 3, the franchise 4, the right to use the premises 5, trademark 6, goodwill (C), the classification of intangible assets: 1, according to the validity of the points: (1), a period of intangible assets: the law provides for a maximum validity period, not extended to protect the (2), no period of intangible assets 2, according to whether or not there may refer to: (1), there may be referring to the intangible assets: to identify the individual, separate access. If the patent (business) and so on. (2), does not refer to the intangible assets: alone can not identify, can not be achieved separately, together with the enterprise can only be purchased net assets. Such as goodwill. 3, according to whether or not protected by law: (1), the right to assets: protection of the law, such as patents, copyrights and so on. (2), the rights of non-assets: protected by law, such as goodwill, know-how. Analysis of intangible investment: Investment is the largest investment in intangible assets, long, multi-link, the risks of systems engineering. In a knowledge-based economy under the conditions of intangible assets represent over profitability would be to create a source of competitive advantage. According to statistics, some of the OECD-the-art enterprise tangible assets and intangible assets ratio has reached 1:2 to 1:3. The United States in 1995, many enterprises intangible assets ratio of 50% to 60%. An enterprise has a number of intangible assets of how much value is high or low technical level and competitiveness of the mark. In our country, not only in the corporate intangible assets in the proportion of the total assets on the low side, but also in the composition of intangible assets, technology assets, in particular low. Investment management of intangible assets: Intangible asset investment decision-making methods and decision-making investment in fixed assets the same way. Also need to calculate the decision-making targets. However, it is more complex than the investment in fixed assets. Because: 1, intangible assets are invested in various forms. 2, intangible assets and the investment period has been over-time earnings is difficult to predict. 3, intangible assets increased over the proceeds of uncertainty there. The day-to-day control of intangible assets: include the following: 1, an increase of intangible assets management Whether purchased, the self-built, or other inputs, for all legal procedures, according to the actual cost, or by the rating agencies to assess valuation. 2, amortization of intangible assets management (1) the effective useful life of intangible assets: ① law and the provisions of the contract are valid in accordance with the principles of the short side. ② no legal provisions of the contract, according to the provisions of the contract determine the number of years. ③ not provided for by not less than 10 years to determine the validity. 3, the calculation of the amount of amortization of intangible assets: = Amortization in the amount of the original price / effective service life 4, the use of intangible assets management: (1) potential to improve the utilization of intangible assets. (2) to implement centralized management at different levels. Such as patents, technology must be managed by the technology sector, the franchise, the right to use the site to the production and marketing departments. Sales by the trademark management, in order to clear responsibility to enhance the effectiveness of the use. Intangible assets investment accounts and tax-related issues to deal with: According to the intangible assets to obtain a different way, namely by the following provisions to deal with. "Enterprise Accounting System," the 44th article stipulates: "The business acquired intangible assets, measures should be based on actual costs. Made at the time of the actual cost should be determined in the following way: (A) acquired intangible assets, according to the actual price paid for the actual cost. (B) investors into the intangible assets, investment by the parties identified as the value of the actual cost. However, for the first time to issue shares and investors to accept the input of intangible assets, intangible assets should be in the investor's book value as the actual cost. (C) the business of the debtor to accept non-cash assets to cover liabilities of the acquired intangible assets, or debt-for-entry due to intangible assets, according to the book value of accounts receivable claims to be paid together with the related taxes and fees, as the actual cost. Involved in premium, according to the following provisions of the transferee to determine the actual cost of intangible assets: 1. Receipt of the premium, according to the book value of the debt receivable less the premium, plus related taxes and fees should be paid, as the actual cost; 2. To pay the premium, according to the book value of the debt receivable plus the premium paid and to pay related taxes and fees, as the actual cost. (D) to non-monetary transactions for the entry of intangible assets, according to the assets of the combined book value should pay the relevant taxes and fees, as the actual cost. Involved in premium, according to the following requirements for entry to determine the actual cost of intangible assets: 1. Receipt of the premium, according to the assets of the combined book value should be recognized in the income and pay less taxes and fees related to the balance of payment of a premium, as the actual cost; 2. To pay the premium, according to the assets of the combined book value should pay the relevant taxes and fees and premium, as the actual cost. (E) to accept donations of intangible assets, the following provisions shall determine the actual costs: 1. Donation to provide relevant evidence, according to the evidence indicating the amount to be paid together with the related taxes and fees, as the actual cost. 2. Donor did not provide such evidence, according to the following order to determine the actual costs: (1) the same or similar intangible assets of the existence of an active market, according to the same or similar intangible assets is estimated that the amount of market prices, together with the related taxes and fees should be paid, as the actual cost; (2) the same or similar intangible assets no active market, according to accept the donation of intangible assets is expected to present value of future cash flows, as the actual cost. " The 45th article stipulates that: "in accordance with legal procedures to apply for self-developed intangible assets acquired, according to the law made when the registration fee, lawyer fees, as the actual cost of intangible assets. Occur in the course of research and development of materials Cost of personnel directly involved in the development of wages and welfare, development occurred in rent, the cost of borrowing, and so on, into direct current profit and loss. Periods have been included in the cost of research and development costs, and the success of the intangible assets in accordance with the law The right to apply, no longer have been included in the original cost of the capitalization of research and development costs. " The 47th article stipulates: "The corporate purchase or sell gold to cover the cost of land acquisition of land use rights, not yet in the development or use of the construction project, accounting for intangible assets in accordance with the present system of the period provided for a phased amortization. Room Real estate development companies to develop real estate, land-use rights should be the book value into all development costs; business as a result of the use of land for the construction of a project for their own use, land-use rights to the book value into all-in-progress costs. " Enterprises with investment from outside of intangible assets, the same non-monetary transaction regulations. Guoshuifa [1993] No. 149: "Investment in real estate shares, investors accept to participate in the distribution of profits, the share of investment risk, do not levy sales tax." "With regard to equity investment business income tax notice of a number of issues" (Guoshuifa [2000 ] No. 118) article 3, paragraph 1, a "business to business activities of some non-monetary assets of foreign investments, including shares of the company's shareholders for its corporate operations in non-monetary assets to buy shares of company stock allocation should be Investment in the transaction occurs, will be broken down into its fair value based on sales of non-monetary assets and economic investment in the two operations to deal with income tax, calculated in accordance with the provisions of the asset transfer income or loss. "Based on the above provisions to intangible assets outside Investment, from paying business tax, but be required to pay income tax.希望对您有帮助。 翻译打不下了，手打的，都酸了，望楼主采纳