魔幻光环
《贵妇画像》中的跨文化交际问题探讨 章汝雯 提要:美国小说家亨利·詹姆斯的《贵妇画像》自问世以来一直受到文学评论界的关注,专家学者已从各个不同角度对女主人伊莎贝尔·阿切尔作了深入细致的研究。本文试图从一个全新的视角,即跨文化交际角度,剖析伊莎贝尔在婚姻方面所作的选择。文章指出她是该小说中跨文化交际的最大失败者,并对其失败原因作了分析。希望在跨文化交际日益频繁的今天我们都能从伊莎贝尔的生活经历中得到某种启发。 关键词: 跨文化交际 高语境文化 低语境文化 容纳 作者章汝雯,女,1964年生,浙江财经学院外语系副教授。(杭州 310012) 亨利·詹姆斯1843年出生于纽约,是美国杰出的小说家和文体家。他的家庭背景比较特殊。父亲是当时文化圈的名人,哥哥是著名的哲学家、心理学家和哈佛尔大学教授。老亨利·詹姆斯非常重视孩子们的教育,认为他们应该接受欧洲的文化与生活,并把这看成是孩子们生活的基本部分,所以在亨利·詹姆斯还是婴儿时就把他带到欧洲去了。1855年亨利·詹姆斯和其它几个孩子又回到欧洲,分别在日内瓦、伦敦、巴黎接受三年教育。1859至1860年,他们又回到欧洲,生活在日内瓦和波恩。1869年詹姆斯去了欧洲,此后大多数时间生活在伦敦,不过在巴黎、罗马及欧洲的其它一些城市也生活过,间或回美国看看。亨利·詹姆斯跨两大洲的生活为他的创作提供了宝贵的素材。他小说中的主人公也像他本人一样往往穿梭于欧美两大洲之间,所以不可避免地涉及跨文化交际问题,但遗憾的是他们并非都是跨文化交际的成功者。相反,由于文化背景不同,许多美国人到了欧洲后无所适从,或在社交场合出尽"洋相",或在与人交往过程中戒心重重,或在婚姻生活中作出错误选择,导致了悲剧的产生。 《贵妇画像》是亨利·詹姆斯的早期代表作之一,以细腻的心理刻画而著称,被认为是英美文学的上乘之作,倍受评论家们的关注。文学评论界已从各种不同的角度对主人公伊莎贝尔·阿切尔、沃伯顿勋爵、卡斯珀·古德沃特、吉尔伯特·奥斯蒙及他们之间的微妙关系作了深刻分析,尤其对本书的结尾--伊莎贝尔决定回到丈夫奥斯蒙身边的原因作了深入细致的剖析。有人认为伊莎贝尔回到丈夫身边是因为她曾答应继女番茜要照顾她,对她负责,所以必需信守诺言;也有人认为伊莎贝尔追求自己理想中的自由与独立,所以只能回到奥斯蒙那里。笔者认为上述的观点不无道理,但若能从跨文化交际的角度出发,就更能理解伊莎贝尔的最终选择。她很想生活在古老文明的欧洲,但又无法接受欧洲的某些文化习俗及社会制度,而在欧洲生活多年的吉尔伯特·奥斯蒙身上既有她熟悉的美国人的影子,又有她向往已久并一直追求的欧洲人的高贵典雅,所以她只能回到奥斯蒙身边去。
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The portrayal of women’s images in magazine advertisements: Goffman’s gender analysis revisited期刊 Sex Roles出版社 Springer NetherlandsISSN 0360-0025 (Print) 1573-2762 (Online)期 Volume 37, Numbers 11-12 / 1997年12月DOI 10.1007/BF02936350页 979-996学科分类 行为科学SpringerLink Date 2008年10月9日Mee-Eun Kang1(1) University of Michigan, Department of Communication, 2020 Frieze Building, University of Michigan, 48105 Ann Arbor, MIAbstract The research objective of this paper was to study the specific behaviors mentioned above and determine what gender behavior patterns have been most prevalent in magazine advertisements in 1979 and 1991. In this research, comparisons were made regarding gender displays between the years of 1979 and 1991 with random samples of print advertisements. The basic and essential starting question of this research project is: What messages about women have been given to society through magazine advertisements? This study was intended to be a conceptual replication of Erving Gofian’s study of Gender Advertisements to see how gender images in print advertisements have changed since Goffman’s study. For this research, advertisements were analyzed the gender behavior portrayed, utilizing Goffman’s categories of decoding behavior: relative size, feminine touch, function ranking, ritualization of subordination, and licensed withdrawal. Body display and IndependencelSelf-assertiveness categories were added. Advertisements that featured human subjects were collected from 1979 and 1991 women’s popular magazines. The random sampling procedure resulted in 252 samples in 1979 magazine advertisements and 252 samples in 1991 counterparts. This research showed that few changes have been made in the images of women in magazine advertisements since Goffman’s 1979 study. The findings indicate that the images of women in 1991 advertisements did not significantly change from the images found in 1979 advertisements. However; distribution or dispersion of stereotypical portrayal of women did change. In the categories of licensed withdrawal and body display, the magazine advertisements from 1991 showed more stereotyping of women than those from 1979. Two of Goffman’s categories-Relative Size and Function Ranking-were not prevalent depictions in magazine advertisements.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Women's Magazine Fiction: A Content Analysis of the Roles, Attributes, and Occupations of Main Characters期刊 Sex Roles出版社 Springer NetherlandsISSN 0360-0025 (Print) 1573-2762 (Online)期 Volume 37, Numbers 7-8 / 1997年10月DOI 10.1023/A:1025663103892页 581-593学科分类 行为科学SpringerLink Date 2004年11月3日UniSA FindIt添加入标记条目中添加入收藏条目中Permissions & Reprints推荐此文章PDF (871.8 KB)Women's Magazine Fiction: A Content Analysis of the Roles, Attributes, and Occupations of Main CharactersKate Peirce1(1) Department of Mass Communication, Southwest Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, 78666Abstract A content analysis of the fiction stories in seven national women's magazines revealed that the primary problem for most of the main characters is romantic. Most of the characters are atractive, single, white Americans younger than 45. They live in the city, have zero to two children, are middle class, and college educated, and they have careers or jobs. Less than half of them are able to solve their own problems, and occupations are assigned sterotypically by gender. The conclusion drawn is that the fiction in these magazines is, in many ways, as traditional as has been found in the past.还有些别的给我邮箱吧 我发给你
有关对女性文学的认识为:女性文学虽然也称为女性解放文学、女性主义文学,但根据郑英子(韩国文学批评家)的看法,女性解放文学和女性主义文学都只是女性文学领域中的分支
大学生领导力 管理者的领导力探析 摘要:管理者的领导力是管理工作成败的决定性因素。本文通过对管理者领导力的功能、要素及领导控制的内容进行分析,提出了提高管理者领
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有Ms,Miss,Mrs,Madam,具体用法如下。 1、Ms 从礼貌角度而言,第一次见到女士时,或者不清楚对方的婚姻状况,都可以用这个称呼,可用于商业场合。
王昭君,小周后,杨玉环,李清照,秦良玉。